Communicating Identity

1. Communicating Identity The Social Self

2. Overview of Chapter • Chapter covers two very broad areas of research • 1. Personal identity (who and what we think we are) • 2. Public identity (the image we present publically) • These two concepts are overlapping, but not identical.

3. Activate your brain • List 10 characteristics of who you are. • Circle those that you believe to be positive traits. • The more you circle, the higher your self-esteem. • Note that identity and self-esteem are not the same thing. • List 5 things you did today to manage your public identity.

4. What is Personal Identity? • Identity is a “theory of self that is formed and maintained through actual or imagined interpersonal agreement about what the self is like” (Schlenker) • The way we see ourselves is shaped by our interactions with others, including how people respond to us. • Identity is related to but different than self-esteem, which refers to how positively versus negatively we see ourselves.

5. Theories Related to Development and Expansion of Identities Social Identity Theory (SIT) • Concepts of self are linked to membership in social groups • Can be broad (gender, age, ethnicity, or nationality) or narrow (group of friends) • Social groups use in-group behaviors & markers to create solidarity and display their identity • What examples of identity markers can you think of?

6. What aspects of identity are illustrated in these pictures?

7. SIT - cont…. • Impact of group membership on our identity influenced by: • How central group is to self-view • Examples—ethnic minority, national minority, gang affiliation, religious affiliation, sexual orientation • Why?

8. Communication Theory of Identity (Hecht) • Identity is constructed through four frames: • Personal Frame: images people construct about themselves • Enactment Frame: images that reflect a person’s interaction with others • Relationship Frame: the roles we play with particular relational partners • Communal Frame: images that are tied to the groups or communities with which a person associates • All of these frames interact in constructing identity • “Complicated”

9. Culture and Ethnic Identity • Ethnic identity • African American, Asian American, Hispanic • Some identities relate to a country • South Korea, Canada, Mexico • Some identities relate to color • Person of color? • White, Black • Caucasian or European American Black or African American What about mixed ethnic backgrounds?

10. Creating an Identity • Modern ways to “remake” identity • Examples? • Iconic Public Figures (book uses Clinton & Bush) • What role do celebrities play in creating identities? • Good? and bad?

11. Millennial Identity in the Twenteens • Millennials or Generation Y • Research suggests they are more self-absorbed, self-centered, confident, entitled, narcissistic, hedonistic, image conscious, and sexually active than their parents (Generation X) • Do you agree?

12. Generation My Space (Kelsey 2007) • Rules of the My Space Generation • Entertainment rules! Life is about video games and social networking. • If you’ve got it, flaunt it. Modesty is uncool; privacy is lame; sexuality, looks and materialism, are paths to success. • Happiness is a glamorous adult. Fame is the ultimate goal; or at least looking like rock or screen star is imperative. • Happiness is about consumption. Materialism and sex are the ultimate goals. • Do you agree?

13. Positive of Millenniels • Connection to peers like never before • Less street crime (?? Why??) • Tech and information savvy

14. Identity, Perception, and Self-Esteem • Purpose of this section is to remind us that although identity and self-esteem are related, they are not the same concept. • Book uses “Partier” • Other examples?

15. Expanding Identity Self-Expansion Theory • Based on three premises: • People want to expand their experiences and extend their identities • This desire for expansion helps explain why we enter into relationships with others • A relationship is successful when it expands both partners’ identities (not when people lose their identity) • Relationships stagnate when expansion stops (infidelity?)

16. Inclusion of Other-in-Self Scale self other self other other self other self self other self other self other Instructions: Which drawing best fits your relationship?

17. Principles of Identity Management 1. Identities provide us with a hierarchical structure of who we are—fringe to core 2. Identities are shaped through interaction and feedback from others-- The Looking Glass Self 3. Identities help us interpret feedback from others (for less central features, feedback more easily assimilated). Why?

18. Principles of Identity Management, cont. 4. Identities incorporate expectations and guide behavior. (self-fulfilling prophecy) 5. Identities influence our evaluations of self. 6. Identity influences the likelihood of goal achievement. (self-fulfilling prophecy) 7. Identities influence the social relationships we choose to pursue and/or maintain. Dating vs. marriage?

19. Self-Presentation Self-presentation involves portraying a particular image of self to others.

20. Issues Related to Self Presentation (1) Is Self-Presentation Hypocritical, Manipulative or Deceptive? • Fabricated identities do occur (Facebook, MySpace, dating sites) • Display rules • Emotional labor Bolstering efforts can backfire • Perceived as insincere or self-focused • Dilemma of online dating or first dates (balancing positivity and plausibility)

21. Issues Related to Self Presentation, cont. (2) How is self-presentation related to communication competence? • Communication competence includes behaviors that are effective and appropriate (book has error on p. 35—polite instead of effective) • Competent people are better able to read situation and produce more effective and appropriate message about identity • Less important for friends • More important early in dating relationships • Affinity Seeking Behaviors (appearing interested, emphasizing similarities, image as a fun person)

22. Issues Related to Self Presentation, cont. (3) To what extent is self-presentation a deliberate, conscious activity? • Answer: It depends • Some degree of self-presentation is automatic. • Examples? • When does self-presentation become more strategic? • Examples? Pretend to be busy

23. Goffman’s Dramaturgical Perspective (Use these notes rather than pp. 37-45 in text) • Face=the positive image we seek to maintain during interaction. • Interaction is like a performance (drama metaphor) • Stage • Lines • Props • Audience • Costume

24. Goffman’s Dramaturgical Perspective, cont. • Front stage vs. back stage • Just like actors ready themselves for performance on stage, we prepare ourselves in the back stage and interact in the front stage. • These two spaces overlap somewhat when close others are part of the back stage. • Roommates, family, other servers at a restaurant

25. Goffman, cont. • Losing face induces embarrassment • Misspeaking lines, dropping props, etc. • People can be heartless or shameless • Heartless = watching others lose face and not even care • Shameless = losing one’s own face and not caring

26. Two General Types of Facework: Preventive and Corrective (1) Preventive Facework • Strategies that minimize or prevent potential threats to face: • Disclaimers & Tact • I may be wrong but • This may be a stupid question but • Q: How’s my paper? A: “It’s a good start” • Politeness (more on later slide)

27. Two General Types of Facework: Preventive and Corrective (2) Corrective Facework • Strategies that people use to repair a damaged face: • Avoidance (ignoring) • Humor • Apologies (accept responsibility & express regret) • Accounts: excuses and justifications • Excuse = not my fault • Justification = not a big deal • Physical remediation • Aggression

28. Facework Strategies • Carrie and Mr. Big • How to respond to a telemarketer

29. Corrective Facework, cont. Choice of corrective strategy based on • Context • e.g. relationship, setting, formality, private/professional, etc. • Nature of offense which contributes to severity of face loss • Humor works when you drop your pen in class but won’t work well if you spill your coffee on someone’s clothes

30. Corrective Facework, cont. Effectiveness of remedial strategies will vary— • Depends on whether other people present accept offering • Is it perceived as sincere? • Is it appropriate for offense? • To be caught having an intimate dinner with someone other than your dating partner will take much more carefully constructed remedial work than being 10 mins. late for a date.

31. Brown & Levinson’s Politeness Theory Key points: 1. B & L build on Goffman’s notion of face 2. However, they describe two types of face needs: positive and negative. 3. Their theory focuses on preventative facework rather than corrective.

32. Face Threat or Loss Sequence PREVENTIVECORRECTIVE FACEWORKFACEWORK Disclaimers Apology Tact Account Politeness Face Threat Face Loss Excuse Justification Remediation Humor Avoidance Aggression Interaction continues Face Restored

33. Politeness Theory, cont. • Positive FaceNeed(the dog) is the desire to be valued and included by relevant or significant others

34. Politeness Theory, cont. Negative FaceNeed(the cat) the desire to be free from imposition and restraint and to have control of time, property, space, and resources

35. Four Assumptions of Politeness Theory • Threats to positive and negative face are an inherent part of social interaction. • Some actions threaten both types of face. e.g., complaints • Some actions stroke one type of face while simultaneously threatening the other. e.g., gifts • Some actions stroke the listener’s face while simultaneously threatening the speaker’s face. e.g., apology

36. Assumptions, cont. • Positive and negative face can be validated as well as threatened during interaction Study by Albas & Albas: students bolster positive face without bragging 3.People are motivated to avoid Face Threatening Acts—(FTAs) Politeness strategies are communicative devices that allow us to manage these face-threatening acts (FTAs).

37. Five types of strategies (Efficiency by Politeness) Hi Eff. Low Pol. • Do the FTA bald-on-record • Do the FTA with positive politeness • Do the FTA with negative politeness • Do the FTA off-record (hinting) • Don’t do the FTA Low Eff. High Pol

38. Assumptions, cont. 4. FTAs vary in degree of severity Severity = Power, Distance, Rank (PDR) • Power of speaker over listener Who will be more polite? • Distance between speaker & hearer More or less polite to close others? • Rank of imposition (next slide) Severity of the threat

39. Rank of Imposition Negative Face Impositions: Anything that requires goods, services or restricts other may be lessened depending upon obligation (legally, morally, employment) and enjoyment possible in performing the act Positive Face Impositions: Anything that devalues worth, credibility, or self-esteem of other. Rankings are both cultural (success, beauty, strength, intelligence) and personal (idiosyncratic).

40. Reflection • Have you threatened someone’s positive face today? • Have you threatened someone’s negative face today? • Have you used politeness today? Have you stroked someone’s positive face today? Have you stroked someone’s negative face today?