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Carbon

Carbon. Isomer Examples. You Tube Video of Optical Isomerism. Contrast Caraway and Spearmint ISOMERS. (get taste samples). Thalidomide Isomers. Treated nausea of women in 1950’s. Changed to isomer form in the body that caused a birth defect. ISOMERS.

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Carbon

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  1. Carbon

  2. Isomer Examples • You Tube Video of Optical Isomerism

  3. Contrast Caraway and SpearmintISOMERS • (get taste samples)

  4. Thalidomide Isomers Treated nausea of women in 1950’s Changed to isomer form in the body that caused a birth defect

  5. ISOMERS • L-dopa (Precursors to the neuro- transmitter dopamine) to treat Parkinson’s –but D-dopa causes (“D” polarize light to R.) deficiency of white blood cells • Allegra is the isomer of Seldane (for nose congestion) • Lexapro is the active isomer • of Celexa (antidepressants)

  6. CARBON CAN FORM VARIOUS BONDS

  7. COMMON ELEMENTS OF MACROMOLECULES • CHNOPS • Carbon – hydrogen- nitrogen-oxygen-phosphorus-sulfur

  8. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: know them • Group of atoms attached to a carbon skeleton involved in chemical reactions • Five groups are polar, hydrophilic (water-loving) and are soluble in water • The sixth group, the methyl group, is nonpolar, and nonreactive

  9. ADD: sulfhydryl group -SH

  10. FUNCTIONAL GROUP:HYDROXYL GROUP • -OH • Organic compounds containing –OH groups are called alcohols • C2H5OH ethanol (or ethyl alcohol): molecular formula and • structural formula

  11. FUNCTIONAL GROUP:CARBONYL GROUP • -C=O • If at the end, the compound is called an aldehyde (like acetaldehyde in ripe fruit). • If in the middle, it is called a ketone (broken down in liver, used in brain) • Commonly in sugars.

  12. TWO TYPES OF CARBONYLS

  13. TWO TYPES OF CARBONYLS

  14. FUNCTIONAL GROUP:CARBOXYL GROUP • -COOH or • H acts as an acid (carboxylic acid) to donate H+ • EX: acetic acid CH3COOH

  15. FUNCTIONAL GROUP:AMINO GROUP • -NH2 • Acts as a base by picking up a H+ (to make NH3) • Compounds with amino groups are called amines • EX: amino acids are building blocks of protein

  16. FUNCTIONAL GROUP:PHOSPHATE GROUP • -OPO3-2 • Compounds with phosphates are called organic phosphates • Involved in energy transfer, ATP

  17. FUNCTIONAL GROUP:METHYL GROUP • -CH3 • Compounds with methyl groups are called methylated compounds • EX: Found in DNA

  18. ADD THIS FUNCTIONAL GROUP: Sulfhydryl group • –C–SH or R–SH • (S takes the place of O in a –OH group) (less polar) • -SH group can also be referred to as athiol group FYI: Smell like garlic, put in natural gas for an odor Methanethiol Cysteine

  19. PRESENTATION: FUNCTIONAL GROUP - 7points • A. functional group • B. name compound it forms • C. depict the structural formula • D. show how to remember it • E. Creative • F. Easy for classmates to remember You tube • G. polar or nonpolar • EXTRA CREDIT: if you make a visual of your functional group for class display

  20. WILL DO WORKSHEET • “Identifying Functional Groups” • Work hard like Larry here.

  21. 4 Types of Macromolecules • Proteins • Nucleic Acids • Carbohydrates • Lipids

  22. Macromoleculeor Polymer • a large molecule consisting of many identical or similar subunits strung together

  23. Polymer • A large molecule (macromolecule) consisting of many smaller molecules (monomers) into chains

  24. Monomers • the subunits that serve as the building blocks

  25. Polymerization • Joining monomers to make a polymer • LINK Animation of a Condensation Polymerization

  26. Dehydration SynthesisA.K.A. polymerization Dehydration Synthesis You Tube

  27. Dehydration Synthesis • Start with small molecules (monomers), by removing water end with large molecules (polymers)

  28. Dehydration Synthesis • Monomers (small molecules) are linked together by a process that takes out a molecule of water to form a polymer (macromolecule).

  29. Hydrolysis

  30. Hydrolysis • Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis in which bonds are broken by the addition of water

  31. Hydrolysis • Start with large molecules (polymer) add water and end with small molecules (monomer)

  32. Videos • You Tube Dehydration Synthesis and Hydrolysis • Easy animations • Making and Breaking

  33. MACROMOLECULES • Receive chart of macromolecules and tips • Carbohydrates • Lipids • Proteins • Nucleic Acids

  34. Carbohydrates are Made Of: • C : H : O or CH2O 1 : 2 : 1 EX: C6H12O6 glucose- most common monosaccharide C12H22O11 = 2 C6H12O6 −H2O

  35. What functional groups are in carbohydrates?

  36. What functional groups are in carbohydrates? Carbonyl aldehyde or ketone Hydroxyl

  37. Carbohydrates • “Sugars” • Names for Carbohydrates end in –ose • Monomers: monosaccharides

  38. Structural formula Why would you choose one model over another? Abbreviated structure Space-filling model

  39. Monomer of Carbohydrates:Monosaccharides • Simple sugar • -main use in body: fuel • EX: glucose – most common galactose –milk sugar fructose – fruit sugar

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