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Outline Brief Overview Faculty and their Research Interests

R. L. Greene, Director. Outline Brief Overview Faculty and their Research Interests Impact of Center for Superconductivity Research (CSR) Funding Research Accomplishments Future Directions Issues Summary. Brief Overview of CSR. 1987 - Discovery of High-T c superconductors 1988

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Outline Brief Overview Faculty and their Research Interests

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  1. R. L. Greene, Director • Outline • Brief Overview • Faculty and their Research Interests • Impact of Center for Superconductivity Research (CSR) • Funding • Research Accomplishments • Future Directions • Issues • Summary Center for Superconductivity Research

  2. Brief Overview of CSR • 1987 - Discovery of High-Tc superconductors • 1988 - CSR created by state funding directly from Governor as a quasi-independent unit involving Engineering, Chemistry and Physics faculty - J. Lynn, Acting Director • 1989 - Director hired (R. Greene from IBM Research Laboratories) - Goals and philosophy defined • 1990-1994 - 6 new faculty hired (Lobb, Anlage, Venkatesan, Webb, Ramesh, Wellstood) - 2 engineers and 4 administrative staff hired - State budget cuts and buildup of external funding - Major laboratory and office renovation completed in 1992 (CSR cost ~ $2 million) - Concept of shared facilities established - First review of CSR (early 1995) Center for Superconductivity Research

  3. Brief Overview of CSR • 1995-Present - Initiated and supported related research areas (e.g.,MRSEC) - Increased external funding - Decreased state funding - Lost J. Lynn, 2/3 of T. Venkatesan, R. Ramesh and R. Webb - Added M. Fuhrer and I. Takeuchi as junior faculty - Offer to senior materials physicist pending Center for Superconductivity Research

  4. Brief Overview of CSR • CSR Goals and Philosophy • Achieve international recognition for our research, thereby enhancing the reputation of the University of Maryland • Hire outstanding faculty and research scientists. • Work as a collaborative, interdisciplinary research center with shared facilities and personnel • Do basic and applied research on superconducting materials, other advanced electronic materials, and superconducting electronics • Train students and postdocs in areas of national importance in basic and applied science • Bring economic value to the state Center for Superconductivity Research

  5. Brief Overview of CSR • The CSR is a unique, interdisciplinary research unit - Not traditional physics, traditional engineering, or materials science - More applied research than physics, more basic science than engineering - Style of research is similar to former IBM Research and Bell Labs • CSR does research focused in a few areas of condensed matter physics/materials physics - Advanced materials (crucial to everything CSR does) - Fundamental studies of superconductivity - Electronic applications of superconductivity - Nano/meso physics and devices - Spin transport electronics (spintronics) • CSR does research of national importance (commercial and defense) Center for Superconductivity Research

  6. Faculty S. Anlage (Prof.) microwave properties of materials M. Fuhrer (80%) (Asst. Prof.) carbon nanotubes & nanoelectronics R. Greene (Prof.) superconductivity, magnetism, novel materials C. Lobb (Prof.) superconductivity, quantum computation I. Takeuchi (25%) (Assoc. Prof. MS) combinatorial synthesis T. Venkatesan (33%) (Res. Prof.) synthesis/characterization of oxide films F. Wellstood (Prof.) superconducting devices, quantum computation • Research Scientists - S. Ogale (50% MS) synthesis/characterization of novel oxide films - R. Vispute (50% EE) wideband gap semiconducting oxides Center for Superconductivity Research

  7. Former Faculty - R. Ramesh (50%)(Prof.) ferroelectrics, novel materials - R. Webb (50%)(Prof.) nano/mesoscopic physics - T. Venkatesan (67%) (Prof.) thin films, materials - J. Lynn (50%)(Prof.) neutron scattering • Offer pending to outstanding senior materials physicist • Currently 30 Graduate Students 11 Postdocs 10 Undergraduates Center for Superconductivity Research

  8. CSR FUNDING • External Grants (annual) $5.3 M See addenda #5 for details ~$590K per faculty(9) • State (FY05) $2.35 M Faculty salary $750K Staff salary (tech. and admin.) $400K Research salary (students, postdocs) $400K Operations* $800K *( lab renovations, facilities maintenance and replacement, matching for proposals, startup funds, seed money for new research, materials/supplies and telephones, physics infrastructure support…) Center for Superconductivity Research

  9. Impact of CSR Scientific (1999-2003) - Publications 451 (Nature/Science (10), PRL (46), APL (84), PRB (106)) - Citations 3853 (total since 1995: 15,752) - Invited Talks 337 (at international conf: 184) - Patents since 1995 23 (25 more are pending) - OTC inventors of the Year (1998, 1992) - Royalty return to University ~$250K • Increased ranking of Maryland Condensed Matter Physics program since 1995 (#10 in US News rankings for past 5 years) • Materials Science Department ranking has significantly increased since CSR hired Ramesh • Physics Department ranking has increased since CSR started • CSR played a major intellectual role in ~2/3 of the first MRSEC in 1995 and the successor in 2000 (and ~60% of departmental matching funds in 1995) Center for Superconductivity Research

  10. Impact of CSR • Faculty Recognition - Webb Buckley Prize, NAS, DUP, AAAS, APS fellow - Ramesh Adler Award (APS), DUP, APS fellow - Greene, Venkatesan among top 200 most highly-cited physicists since 1981 (ISI), APS fellows - Lobb DST, APS fellow - Wellstood Sloan, Ferrell fellowships, APS fellow - Takeuchi ONR Young Investigator, NSF Career Award - Anlage NSF Career Award • All CSR faculty rank highly in the department, many in top 20% • Startup of two companies based on CSR developed technology - Neocera, Inc. 35 employees - Blue Wave Semiconductor 4 employees • Equipment Donations of more than $3 million (see addenda #2) • Many interactions with Industry & government labs (see addenda #3) Center for Superconductivity Research

  11. Impact of the CSR • Provides seed funding for new projects and can move quickly in promising new directions examples: Scanning SQUID, microwave microscopes, quantum computing, spintronics (CMR and DMS) • Engenders interdisciplinary interactions on campus examples: Materials deposition and characterization facilities, original MRSEC, quantum computing, combinatorial materials synthesis, • Brings new research culture to Maryland Condensed Matter Physics program THE SUM IS GREATER THAN THE PARTS: sharing of research facilities, joint research projects, shared students Other important impacts: see addenda #1 Center for Superconductivity Research

  12. Addenda #1CSR Support of Physics Department and Other Departments • Startup of the MRSEC in 1995 - Provided 60% of all departmental matching money (3 x physics) • Attracted high-quality faculty which enhanced reputation of Physics and Materials Science Departments • Provided startup funds for non-CSR faculty and all CSR faculty • Large overhead return (DRIF) on CSR grants has gone to Physics -example: ~$500K from 1995 MRSEC • Provided support to non-CSR faculty. Some examples are: - Das Sarma ~ $20K/year for ~12years - Drew, Yakovenko students, postdocs, equipment - Eichhorn (Chemistry) $80K match for high pressure synthesis equipment, postdoc - Chi Lee (EE) ~$35K/year for 10 years • Provided matching support on many equipment proposals Center for Superconductivity Research

  13. Addenda #1CSR Support of Physics Department and Other Departments • $45K/year in infrastructure support to Physics Department in addition to DRIF return on our contracts • Provided significant funds for many physics laboratory and office renovations over the years • Transferred $51K to Physics Department for salary of Min Ouyang (recently hired nanoscience Assistant Professor) • Supported many first year physics graduate students as RAs • Support 5-10 undergraduates per year to do research in the CSR laboratories • Bought SEM (~100K) for use in Engineering Materials Characterization Facility and paid service contract (~10K for 10 years) Center for Superconductivity Research

  14. Education and Teaching • CSR is a research unit ….but actively supports the Department in educating students. Many graduates, undergraduates and even some high school students have participated in research at the CSR • Faculty active in education and their teaching rated highly - Anlage: headed revived Physics Honors program - Fuhrer: taught large freshman physics course first semester at UMD and is now the long-term mentor for the Physics for Engineers sequence, handles assignments of undergraduate graders - Greene: each semester runs weekly 2 hour seminar where all CSR students present there work, helped rewrite Phys 275 lab manual - Lobb: Distinguished Scholar Teacher, Dean’s Award for Excellence inTeaching, Chair of Undergraduate Education Committee, member of University's K-16 committee - Takeuchi: teaching in both Physics and Materials Science - Wellstood: Associate Chair for Undergraduate Physics (1999-2004), helped create two new physics B.S. tracks and Physics Minor, servedon MD state committee to write rules for Associate Teaching Degreefor Physics in the state, with Chair helped create Phys 174 lab and revamp Physics 261/271 labs, ... Center for Superconductivity Research

  15. CSR Alumni • Since 1995 review, 56 CSR students got Ph.D.s (+ 3 Masters) (Total CSR)/(Total Physics) ~ 56/266 = 21% • Last year Physics graduated more Ph.D.s than any other program at UMD, and CSR graduated more than any other unit in Physics (Total CSR)/(Total Physics) ~ 10/35 = 28% • We maintain a list of our former students and postdocs (addenda #7) - most have gone to industry or government labs - 11 former Ph.D.s or postdocs now have faculty positions, including 5 women Center for Superconductivity Research

  16. Research Accomplishments(see addenda #6) The CSR is internationally recognized for research in: • Superconductivity - Electron-doped high-Tc cuprates - Vortex physics - Josephson-junction array lasers • Colossal magnetoresistive (CMR) materials • Quantum computation with superconducting qubits • Nanotubes, molecular electronics and mesoscopic physics • Scanning SQUID and microwave microscopy • Spintronics and ferroelectrics • Combinatorial materials science Center for Superconductivity Research

  17. Research on electron-doped high-Tc cuprates GOAL: Understand the differences between n- and p-doped cuprates and the origin of high-Tc superconductivity R. Greene’s group and many collaborators, UMD and worldwide N-doped P-doped Center for Superconductivity Research

  18. Accomplishments • First determination of d-wave pairing symmetry in the n-doped cuprates (PRL 85, 3700 and PRL 85, 3696); • First observation of a low-temperature insulator-metal crossover near optimal doping (PRL 81, 4720); • First observation of a hidden low energy pseudogap (PRB 64, 104519); • First violation of the Wiedemann-Franz law in any metal at very low temperature (Nature 414, 711); • First direct evidence for a quantum phase transition in any high-Tc material (PRL 92, 167001). • R. Greene invited to write a RMP review article on n-doped cuprates This work is an example of CSR materials/physics expertise Center for Superconductivity Research

  19. 6 8 4 A 6 B 2 C 4 D 0 0 2 4 6 8 E x (mm) 2 F G 0 0 2 4 6 SQUID Microscopy of Integrated Circuits (Wellstood, Neocera) Magnetic image (CSR) Multi-chip module with short circuit (Intel) current image Compare with CAD layout Center for Superconductivity Research

  20. Quantum Computing with Superconducting Devices F.C. Wellstood, C.J. Lobb, J.R. Anderson, and A.J. Dragt, Univ. of Md. lobb@squid.umd.edu / http://www.physics.umd.edu/sqc/ Objectives • Improve isolation and coherence times of Josephson-junction qubits • Make multiple coupled qubits and measure MQT, energy levels, Rabi oscillations, and coherence times • Make and test CNOT gates • Develop highly-efficient multi-qubit quantum dynamics simulations Major Accomplishments Objective Approach • Rabi oscillations observed in LJ isolated • Nb/AlOx/Nb junction: coherence time • T'~ 10 ns, energy relaxation time T1~50 ns • Calculated and observed energy levels in • 3 coupled qubits (2 JJs & LC resonator) • • Avoided triple-crossing seen suggesting • entangled states of the macroscopic system • varied qubit-lead isolation in situ, found T1, • T2, T2* versus isolation • Build Al-AlOx-Al and/or buy Nb multi- junction systems with on-chip isolation • Measure microwave spectroscopy, Rabi • oscillations, correlated escape rates, and • coherence times, T2 and T1, in coupled qubit • systems • Use quantum dynamics simulations to design, model, and interpret the qubit system Center for Superconductivity Research

  21. Quantum Computation: 3 Macroscopic Strongly-Coupled Qubits ~ 1 mm LC resonator Junction 1 Junction 1 Junction 2 Center for Superconductivity Research

  22. Quantum Computation: 3 Macroscopic Strongly-Coupled Qubits Microwave spectroscopy while sweeping J1 reveals avoided triple crossing when uncoupled J1(red), J2 (blue) and LC (green) levels would coincide. Theory gives good fit (dashed lines), and implies at triple degeneracy point the system can be in entangled state of J1, J2 and LC |100> - |010> - 2|001> |100> +|010> |100> - |010> + 2|001> Center for Superconductivity Research

  23. Future Directions • Strategy: Use our strengths and be open to related new areas • Synthesis and properties of advanced electronic materials Superconductors Spintronic materials Multiferroics Combinatorial materials • Quantum computation with superconducting devices More entangled qubits, quantum sensors, etc. Increase interactions NIST, LPS, and AMO group • Other superconducting electronics - Superconducting meta-materials • Nanoelectronics and nanomaterials - Increase interactions with Keck nanosynthesis and characterization laboratory Center for Superconductivity Research

  24. Issues and Limiting Factors • Need to attract high-quality faculty hires to replace loss of high-quality people (Webb, Venkatesan, Ramesh, Lynn). This will require commitment from College and Department • Lab space, quality of space, and infrastructure for new faculty • Lack of direct connection between CSR Director and CMPS Dean (and Engineering Dean) - CSR has grown significantly and faces limitations by not being an independent unit • Department and College lack understanding of CSR's accomplishments and role in the Physics Department examples: applied science unappreciated, misinformation spread, CSR resources diluted, appointments opposed Center for Superconductivity Research

  25. Summary • CSR faculty are well recognized for their high-quality research, teaching and service • CSR has brought a significantly increased reputation to the Physics Department and the University • CSR contributes strongly to the education mission of the University • CSR is a very effective research unit and should be used as a model for setting up research centers at the University of Maryland • CSR will help lead the department/university in new directions as we have in the past. Center for Superconductivity Research

  26. Addenda #2Equipment Donations to CSR RBS System $1,000,000 4 Circle x-ray 150K PLD System 150K Large Area PLD 75K Sputter sytem 300K SEM 200K 2 AFMs & Controller 300K Dilution Fridge 350K Dilution Fridge 200K Ion Mill 200K Cascade semiconductor probe station 200K Center for Superconductivity Research

  27. Addenda #3Industrial and National Laboratory Collaborations Argonne In-situ studies of oxide thin film growth Synchrotron x-ray micro-diffraction ARL Nanotube Devices Blue Wave Semiconductors UV detectors Brookhaven XPS and spin-polarized photoemission studies of magnetic oxides Ceramare Piezoelectric nanocrystals Duracell Materials for batteries Intematrix New Microwave Microscopy techniques IBM Ferroelectric FET’s and CrO2 films Intel SQUID Microscopy Interscience, Inc. Oxides for bolometers Fujitsu Ferroelectric memories Lucent Raman Studies of Electron-doped Cuprates Motorola MBE ferroelectric films andBST films Neocera Microwave microscopy Pulsed electron beam disposition SQUID Microscopy of integrated circuits Center for Superconductivity Research

  28. Addenda #3Industrial and National Laboratory Collaborations LPS Quantum Computation Lynntech Metal oxide gas sensors NIST Quantum Computation, Neutron scattering on novel oxides, Combinatorial materials, Microwave Properties of Combi-materials Northrop-Grumman SC Quantum Computation Nanotube transistors and high K dielectrics Josephson-junction arrays NRL XMCD and Tunneling of surface spin polarization in magnetic oxides Rockwell CMR bolometers Seagate Probe-based data storage and pin valves Solid State Photonix Ferroelectrics on Si for optoelectronics Telcordia Ferroelectric devices Texas Instruments SPM of Ferroelectrics Center for Superconductivity Research

  29. Addenda #4 - MAJOR CSR FACILITIES Materials Deposition and Fabrication - Six KrF excimer pulsed laser deposition systems - Two and four inch Cylindrical Magnetron Sputtering systems - Combined e-beam and sputter deposition system - Thermal evaporation systems - Class 1000 clean room for device processing, optical lithography - Tube and box furnaces up to 1700 C - High pressure oxygen furnace - High Pressure Furnace-Rockland Research multi-anvil, up to 200 kbar, 2000C - System for exchanging O18 for O16 in thin film and ceramic oxides - DTA, TGA and DSC setups Center for Superconductivity Research

  30. Addenda #4 - MAJOR CSR FACILITIES • Materials Characterization Systems • - Rutherford backscattering system (1.7 MeV NEC pelletron, with • channeling capability & Charles-Evans end station) • - Siemens D5000 x-ray diffractometer and Rigaku powder x-ray • diffractometer • - SEM with Microprobe and an SEM based patterning capability for sub- • micron structures • Electron microprobe for surface chemical analysis • Sloan Dektac film profilometer Center for Superconductivity Research

  31. Addenda #4 - MAJOR CSR FACILITIES Measurement Systems - Electrical, Thermal, Magnetic,… • Quantum Design PPMS system (14T, 300mK) and Quantum Design SQUID magnetometer (0-5 T, 2-800 K) • AFM/ STMs: Nanoscope III STM/AFM (Digital Instruments), home built STM (0.3-300K, 0-12T), Omicron 4.2K STM with microwave attachment • 4.2 K scanning SQUID microscope (SSM) (10 mm resolution), 2 room temperature SSMs (50 mm resolution) • 6 Tesla horizontal magnet with two orthogonal sample rotation axes • 3 Oxford Instruments dilution refrigerators, including a 30mK unit with 0-18 T field capability • 6 systems for resistivity, critical current, Hall effect, Thermo-power and ac susceptibility, 1.5 - 400K, 0-10 T • Specific heat apparatus, 0.3 to 300K, up to 14 Tesla • Audio to 50 GHz test and measurement equipment, parallel plate resonators, dielectric resonators, high-Q Nb cavities, coaxial resonators, spectrum analyzers, lock-ins, microwave sources,… Center for Superconductivity Research

  32. Superconducting MetamaterialsSteven M. Anlage, University of Maryland, NSF/ECS-0322844 Theorists have predicted remarkable new optical properties for materials that have a negative index of refraction. The most exciting prediction is that of a “perfect lens” that is able to create an image of an object with perfect clarity. Perfect lensing can be demonstrated through evanescent wave amplification under the ideal condition of n = -1 + i 0 precisely, but is difficult to observe because current metamaterial designs suffer from high losses due to metallic and dielectric dissipation of the elements. We employ a new metamaterial design that utilizes superconducting metals and low-loss dielectric materials for the first time to reduce the losses. We have measured a wire medium, a split-ring resonator medium, and a combination of the two at temperatures between 4.2 K and room temperature. Evidence of negative effective permittivity, permeability, and a negative effective index passband are seen in the superconducting state between 50 MHz and 18 GHz. Submitted to Appl. Phys. Lett. (2004). Photograph of wire array metamaterial made up of a lattice of superconducting Niobium (Nb) wire inside a waveguide. (Left) Photograph of Nb thin film split-ring resonators (SRR). (Right) Data on transmission through superconducting (SC) and normal metal (NM) SRR arrays in waveguide. Center for Superconductivity Research

  33. W. M. Keck Laboratory for Combinatorial Nanosynthesis and Multiscale Characterization Integrated laboratory for rapid synthesis and probe of multifunctional materials at atomic level I. Takeuchi, E. D. Williams, and G. W. Rubloff Center for Superconductivity Research

  34. Combinatorial laser MBE for creating arrays of atomically controlled crystal structures RHEED = Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction Center for Superconductivity Research

  35. Submicron to atomic resolution scan of individual sites Macroscale library scan STM/microwave microscope cavity (b) (c) (a) Atomic resolution scan cm~mm scale mapping 0.1 mm scale scan nm scale scan Multiscale Characterization using Multimode Microwave Microscope Multiscale Microscopy Mapping of various physical properties will be obtained at scales down to nm Center for Superconductivity Research

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