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The United States as a World Power 19th Century US Foreign Policy

The United States as a World Power 19th Century US Foreign Policy. Imperialism in China Open door policy Cuba Philippines Puerto Rico Hawaii Panama Dominican Republic Mexico The Big Stick Policy Dollar Diplomacy Moral Diplomacy. The US Reaches for Empire. The Guano Act of 1865.

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The United States as a World Power 19th Century US Foreign Policy

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  1. The United States as a World Power 19th Century US Foreign Policy • Imperialism in China • Open door policy • Cuba • Philippines • Puerto Rico • Hawaii • Panama • Dominican Republic • Mexico • The Big Stick Policy • Dollar Diplomacy • Moral Diplomacy

  2. The US Reaches for Empire

  3. The Guano Act of 1865 • This act authorized the United States to occupy island in the South Pacific to mine guano (bird droppings), which is rich in nitrogen and phosphorous and highly valued as a fertilizer. • The United States claimed nearly 100 islands under the act and still owns six or so today. • As to the amount of crap the government still has – that’s for you to decide.

  4. Imperialism in China • The US wanted to trade with Asian countries • Many other European powers had already established control of Chinese ports “spheres of influence” • The US wanted an “open door” (everyone can trade) to establish trade in China for tea, spices, and silk and to sell US products • Chinese resentment grew and a secret society of Chinese called the Boxers began terrorizing foreign traders, officials, and Christian missionaries in 1899 • In 1900 these attacks culminated in the violent Boxer Uprising in Beijing, which claimed the lives of many Chinese and foreigners • Western powers occupied the city and quelled the revolt

  5. Imperialism in Cuba • Spanish granted independence to Cuba • US President William McKinley set up a US military government in Cuba to promote public works and legal reform • Clause in the Cuban constitution (Platt Amendment)- U.S. can intervene in Cuban affairs in order to preserve the Islands independence & the can have military bases there • 1906 Cubans rebelled for full independence, US took control of island, but gave it back in 1909, with clause • Some Cubans resented US involvement while others were thankful for the stability

  6. Imperialism in Philippines • In 1898 US & Filipino forces defeated Spanish troops in the Philippines • Philippines thought that were going to get their independence • U.S. bought Philippines for $20 mil from Spain. • President William McKinley considered the Filipinos unfit for self-government and wanted to “uplift and civilize and Christianize them” • Filipino forces rebelled but lost after a 3 year war • US did not grant independence to the Philippines until July 4, 1946

  7. Imperialism in Puerto Rico • After the 1898 Spanish-American War, Spain ceded Puerto Rico to the US • US selected governor, executive council, and judges to rule island • At first Puerto Ricans did not become US citizens and could not travel freely to US • In 1917 the Jones Act grated Puerto Ricans US citizenship • US businesses took advantage of cheap labor and natural resources • Puerto Rican small farmers could not compete with large US companies and were forced to sell their land and work in low paying jobs for US businesses

  8. Imperialism in Hawaii • In 1700s Hawaii was an important stop for US shippers, sailors and whalers • Many Americans settled and set up sugar plantations (moving their way into politics) • In 1891 Queen Liliuokalani tried to restore control to the Hawaiians • 1893 - The US sent Marines to protect plantations in Hawaii • White planters applied for annexation of Hawaii • President Grover Cleveland wanted to hold off • After the Spanish American War (1898) the US annexed Hawaii (controlled by US) • Statehood granted: August 21, 1959 • US intervention resulted in a long-lasting resentment among many native Hawaiians

  9. Panama Canal • Panama was controlled by Colombia • The US made an offer Colombia to build the canal • Colombia says no • Panamanians revolt succeeding in creating an independent Panama • Panama agreed to allow the US to build a canal in its country • With this the U.S. succeeded in changing the political & physical geography of the world. • The canal would reduce shipping by 60 days = money saved. • It was fully turned over to Panama on December 31, 1999.

  10. Imperialism in Dominican Republic • In the late 1800s the leader of the Dominican Republic improved education and transportation and encouraged foreign investments, but he also used that money for himself and ran up huge debts • He was assassinated and the Dominican Republic was left with huge debt • Based on the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, Pres Roosevelt agreed to take the Dominican Republic debt in return for the right to collect Dominican Republic import taxes Roosevelt as the world policeman • President William Howard Taft came along promoting “Dollar Diplomacy” (encouraged investors to spend money in Latin American) • US established businesses in the Dominican Republic and ordered troops there to teach law and order

  11. Imperialism in Mexico • In Mexico US investors helped a brutal dictator (Huerta) seize power • Wilson refused to recognize him as the leader and supported someone he thought would be more democratic (Carranza) • The more democratic leader (Carranza) took power but refused to take US advise • Wilson decided to support Poncho Villa, but changed his mind • Villa and his men were angered and killed American in Texas and New Mexico • Wilson sent troops to capture Villa but failed • US withdrew troops when it entered WW1 (Moral Diplomacy failed – Wilson believed the U.S. should become conscience of the world)

  12. Theodore Roosevelt Big Stick Policy • Roosevelt believed in making the US a world power • To describe his foreign policy people borrowed an African proverb: “Speak softly but carry a big stick” • He connected the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine--making US policeman of Latin America • The Monroe doctrine argued that the Europeans should stay out of Latin America • Roosevelt argued that the US could intervene in a Latin American country to exercise international police power to protect U.S. economic interests: Roosevelt Corollary • He built up the US navy and sent the “Great White Fleet” around the world to project US military power

  13. William Howard TaftDollar Diplomacy • Taft - milder approach to foreign policy • Substitute dollars for bullets • Taft encouraged American bankers to lend money to Central American countries so they could pay debts owed to Britain • Solve instability in troubled regions using economy rather than force

  14. Woodrow WilsonMoral Diplomacy • Woodrow Wilson disagreed with the assertive policies of Roosevelt and Taft • He felt the U.S. should become conscience of the world (Moral Diplomacy) • Goals were to condemn colonialism, spread democracy and promote peace

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