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2. Amendments 11-27

2. Amendments 11-27 a. 11 th Amd: State may not be sued in Fed. Ct. by a citizen of another state. (1795) b. 12 th Amd: Gives separate ballots for pres and VP for electors (1804) c. 13 th Amd: Prohibits slavery (1865)

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2. Amendments 11-27

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  1. 2. Amendments 11-27 • a. 11th Amd: State may not be sued in Fed. Ct. by a citizen of another state. (1795) • b. 12th Amd: Gives separate ballots for pres and VP for electors (1804) • c. 13th Amd: Prohibits slavery (1865) • d. 14th Amd: Defines US citizenship, applies due process to states, forces states to give equality to all (1868) • e. 15th Amd: Extend suffrage to blacks (1870)

  2. f. 16th Amd: Congress can tax incomes (1913) • g. 17th Amd: Direct election of Senators (1913) • h. 18th Amd: Prohibition (1919) • i. 19th Amd: Women’s suffrage (1920) • j. 20th Amd: Changes term start dates Prez (Jan 20th) Congress (Jan 3rd), lameducks (1933) • k. 21st Amd: Repeal 18th (1933)

  3. l. 22nd Amd: 2 term/10 yr pres. Limit (1951) • m. 23rd Amd: 3 electoral votes to D.C. (1961) • n. 24th Amd: Prohibit Poll Taxes (1964) • o. 25th Amd: Presidential disability and succession (1967) • p. 26th Amd: 18 year old suffrage (1971) • q. 27th Amd: Congressional pay raises effective during the term following their passage (1992)

  4. Sec.4: Informal Changes in Constitution • A. Informal Changes: Doesn’t change wording of Const. itself, occurs as leaders/citizens fill in the details on a day to day basis and to suit needs of the time.

  5. 1. Constitution is brief: Represents fundamental law, not statutory law. Only outlines basic powers and structures of gov’t. • a.A1Sec8Cl3 (Commerce Clause): Gives Congress power to regulate commerce (not defined), each generation is to define.

  6. 2. Informal Methods of Change • a. Legislative acts: Art.1 gives Congress powers described in general terms. • 1)Elastic Clause: Power to make any laws necessary and proper to carry out their delegated powers. • b. Executive Actions • 1) Presidential Succession • 2) War/Emergency Powers • 3) Executive Agreements • 4) Precedents of previous Presidents (Cabinet) • 5) Executive Orders: rule issued by pres. to help enforce a law.

  7. c. Supreme Court Decisions • 1) Cts interpret the Constitution and laws. • 2) Judicial Review • 3) Controversy • a) Judicial Activism: Ct. should play an active role in shaping national policies. Should decide cases involving social and political issues, esp. if prez, cong., and states refuse to do so. • b) Judicial Restraint: Ct. should avoid taking the initiative on social/political Q’s, should uphold acts of elected officials and gov’t/states.

  8. d. Custom and Usage: • 1) Political Parties • 2) Senatorial Courtesy • 3) Executive Privilege • 4) Congressional Committees

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