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Cognitive and Behavioral Theories In A dults Education

Cognitive and Behavioral Theories In A dults Education. Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990).

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Cognitive and Behavioral Theories In A dults Education

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  1. Cognitive and Behavioral Theories In Adults Education

  2. Burrhus Frederic Skinner(1904-1990)

  3. .B.K. Skinner TheoristOne of the most famous psychologist in behaviorism. He believe that learning is a function of change in overt behavior. He believes that individuals change behavior due to response to events that occur in his/her environments. “Skinner’s experiment with rats and pigeon in boxes was designed to measure learning and behavior modification”. He created the Skinner Box sometimes called, “operant conditioning apparatus”. (The Economist) The box was a tool that helped Skinner measure behavior. Another one of Skinner’s contribution was the theory about “Operant Conditioning”.

  4. B.F. Skinner Theory: Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning has been widely applied in instructional development and classroom management. An individual doing everyday activities is in the process of operating on the environment. Operant conditioning is a learning process in which reward or punishment makes a person more likely to repeat a behavior. Skinner developed four guidelines for instructors to create a successful learning environment. “First, be clear about what is being thought. Second, the basic must be taught first. Third, don’t expect students to advance at the same rate, and fourth, use programmed subject matter , that is, a set of instructional materials students can use to teach themselves”.

  5. Jean Piaget(1896-1980)

  6. Jean Piaget Theorist He is one of the most famous in developmental psychologist. He worked very hard to understand adult and child thinking. He focused on thinking and reasoning. He is well know for his cognitive development theory. He related two concepts about assimilation and accommodation to cognitive. He believed that an individual develops through four stages of cognitive development depending on the maturation of his/her nervous system and on the kinds of experience he or she has had.

  7. Jean Piaget Theory: CognitiveCognitive Development is the development of thought process, including remembering problems solving and decision making from childhood through adolescence to adulthood. “Mental growth takes place by integration or learning higher ideas by assimilating lower-level ideas and by substitution or replacing initial explanations of an occurrence or idea with more reasonable explanation”. Cognitive theory provides a better basis for understanding the human factors in education. The student takes a more active role in acquiring knowledge and demonstrates mental process by transforming material into knowledge.

  8. Analyze and Describe how behaviorism theories impact teaching and training. Today educators focus their teaching strategies in theories from different theorist. One of the theories that help teachers with students is “operating condititioning”. Operating conditiong serves as a model for the learning that people do. Teachers should present material in a small amount so that responses can be reinforced . Behavior that is positively reinforced will reoccur, intermitted is particularly effective. Reinforcement will generalize across stimuli producing secondary conditioning. For example professor should always be ready to help students to reinforce their adult studies. Adults may very well encounter conflicting purpose, contrasting personality styles, or challenges to engage in an anxiety-producing revalidation of self.

  9. Analyze and Describe how cognitive theory impact teaching and Training. Instructor based their teaching on how students think. Instructors should understand how the students think. Instructors should respect students opinion and thoughts. Cognitive has helped instructors to develop different task, issues, transitions, or life experience to challenge students in understanding the courses. “Mental growth takes place by integration, or learning higher ides by assimilating lower-level ideas, and by substitution, or replacing initial explanations of an occurrence or idea with a more reasonable explanation”.(Encyclopedia of World Biography) Children and Adult learns in stages according to Jean Piaget.

  10. Evaluate the applicability of each theory for the selected adult education environment. The result of learning is the process to behavior. Practice should take the form of question stimulus answer respond which expose the student to the subject in gradual steps. Educators should be prepared for different behaviors. Try to arrange the difficulty of the questions so the response is always correct and hence a positive reinforcement. Students can take the initiative to answer questions. For example Skinner explained, “how the metaphorical expressions of a speaker reflect the kinds of stimuli which control his behavior; how and why it is that we cease verbalizing; suggestions regarding the nature of aphasia; and logical and scientific verbal behavior”. (Encyclopedia of World Biography) Educator should listen when a student is answering a question or discuss a problem to avoid negative reinforcement.

  11. Evaluate the Applicability of cognitive theory in adult education environment. Cognitive helps students to process, retain, and retrieve information. Educators help students learn, and to become long learners thru studying, discussing the problems or objective. Successful instructional designers know that understanding different and often divergent perspectives on how people think will provide insights into how people learn”.(APA 2, pp.40) It is essential for educators to provide an understandable material and instructions in order to have a successful class.

  12. References Abbie Brown and Timothy D. Green(2006). Understand How People Think. The Essentials Of Instructional Design. (pp.30-41)Peterson Education, Inc.,Upper Saddle River, New Jersey. (Dec 5,1992)Measured learning The Economist Newspaper. Retrieved October 10, 2009, from http://find.galegroup.com/gtx/start.do?proudId=AONE> Piaget, Jean Edition 1, 1998. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Thomson Gale, 1998. Retrieved October 10, 2009, http:/find.galegroup.com/gtx/start.do?prodId=AONE> Skinner, Burrhus Frederic (1904-1990). Edition 1,1998. Encyclopedia of World Biography. Thomson Gale, 1998. Retrieved October 10, 2009, http:/find.galegroup.com

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