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SYSTEMS of UNITS & RADIOLOGIC UNITS

SYSTEMS of UNITS & RADIOLOGIC UNITS. SYSTEM OF UNITS. SI MKS CGS BRITISH. BASIC QUANTITIES. LENGTH MASS TIME. SYSTEM OF UNITS.

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SYSTEMS of UNITS & RADIOLOGIC UNITS

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  1. SYSTEMS of UNITS& RADIOLOGIC UNITS

  2. SYSTEM OF UNITS • SI • MKS • CGS • BRITISH

  3. BASIC QUANTITIES • LENGTH • MASS • TIME

  4. SYSTEM OF UNITS

  5. The International System of Units (abbreviated SI from the French phrase, Système International d'Unités) is the most widely used system of units. It is the most common system for everyday commerce in the world, and is almost universally used in the realm of science

  6. Scientists, chiefly in France, had been advocating and discussing a decimal system of measurement based on natural units at least since 1640, but the first official adoption of such a system was after the French revolution of 1789. The metric system tried to choose units which were non-arbitrary and practical, merging well with the revolution's official ideology of "pure reason"; it was proposed as a considerable improvement over the inconsistent customary units which existed before, whose value often depended on the region

  7. According to a survey taken many years ago, the only other countries that have not officially adopted the metric system are Liberia (in western Africa) and Myanmar (also known as Burma, in Southeast Asia). These two countries did not have an official policy of converting to metric, at least at the time of the survey. Despite recent repeated inquiries to the governments of both Liberia and Myanmar, no response from either country has been received as to whether an official policy has been adopted since this survey was conducted. Their Web sites utilize both inch-pound and metric units. Visitors to these countries report some evidence of the use of the metric system. Most other countries have either used the metric system for many years, or have adopted the metric system within the last 30 or 40 years. There is controversy about how to define whether a country is metric. Metrication is a process that does not happen all at once, but is rather a process that happens over time. Although nearly every country has taken steps to replace traditional measurements, the fact remains that among countries with non-metric usage the U.S. is the only significant holdout.

  8. SI UNITS • LENGTH----METER (m) • MASS-------KILOGRAM (kg) • TIME--------SECOND (s)

  9. 1 METER The most important unit is that of length: one metre was originally defined to be equal to 1/10 000 000th of the distance from the pole to the equator along the meridian through Paris. (Prior discussions had often suggested the length of a seconds pendulum in some standard gravity, which would have been only slightly shorter, and perhaps easier to determine.) This is approximately 10% longer than one yard. Later on, a platinum rod with a rigid, X-shaped cross section was produced to serve as the easy-to-check standard for one metre's length. Due to the difficulty of actually measuring the length of a meridian quadrant in the 18th century, the first platinum prototype was short by 0.2 millimetres. More recently, the metre was redefined as a certain multiple of a specific radiation wavelength, and currently it is defined as the distance travelled by light in a vacuum in a specific period of time. Attempts to relate an integer multiple of the metre to any meridian have been abandoned

  10. 1m=100 cm=1000 mm

  11. 1cm=10mm1m=100 cm1m=100 x 10= 1000 mm

  12. The original base unit of mass in the metric system was the gram, chosen to match the mass of one cubic centimetre of water. For practical reasons, the reference standard that was deposited at the Archives de la république on June 22, 1799 was a kilogram (a cylinder of platinum). One kilogram is about 2.2 pounds. In 1889, the first General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) sanctioned a replacement prototype, a cylinder of a 90% platinum, 10% iridium alloy; this has served as the standard ever since, and is stored in a Paris vault. The kilogram became the base unit in 1901.

  13. 1 kg=1000 g ??? YES !

  14. The metric unit of time became the second, originally defined as 1/86 400th of a mean solar day. The formal definition of the second has been changed several times as more accurate definitions became possible, based first on astronomic observations, then the tuning fork clock, quartz clock, and today the caesiumatomic clock

  15. TIME • 1 MINUTE =60 SEC. • 1 DAY =24 HOURS • 1 DAY = _____MINUTES • 1DAY = _____SECONDS

  16. MKS SYSTEM • Length---METER (m) • Mass-----Kilogram (kg) • Time-----Second (s)

  17. CGS system • Length---centimeter (m) • Mass-----gram (g) • Time-----Second (s)

  18. Examples of SI derived units SI derived unit Derived quantity Name Symbol area square meter m2 volume cubic meter m3 speed, velocity meter per second m/s acceleration meter per second squared   m/s2 wave number reciprocal meter m-1 mass density kilogram per cubic meter kg/m3 specific volume cubic meter per kilogram m3/kg current density ampere per square meter A/m2 magnetic field strength   ampere per meter A/m amount-of-substance concentration mole per cubic meter mol/m3 luminance candela per square meter cd/m2 mass fraction kilogram per kilogram, which may be represented by the number 1 kg/kg = 1

  19. BRITISH SYSTEM OF UNITS

  20. British system • Length---Foot (ft) • Mass-----Pound (lb) • Time-----Second (s)

  21. yard = 0.9144 metres - same in US 1 pound = 0.453 592 37 kilograms - same in US 1 gallon = 4.546 09 litres - different in US METRIC BRITISH CONVERSION

  22. RADIOLOGIC QUANTITIES SI UNITS • EXPOSURE ---AIR KERMA (Gya) • ABSORBED DOSE---GRAY (Gyt) • EFFECTIVE DOSE---SEIVERT (Sv) • RADIOACTIVITY---BECQUEREL (Bq)

  23. RADIOLOGIC QUANTITIES CUSTOMARY UNITS • EXPOSURE ---ROENTGEN (R) • ABSORBED DOSE---rad (rad) • EFFECTIVE DOSE---rem (rem) • RADIOACTIVITY---curie

  24. EXPOSURE ( INTENSITY) THE TOTAL ELECTRICAL CHARGE PER UNIT MASS THAT X-RAY AND GAMMA RAY PHOTONS GENERATE IN DRY AIR.

  25. 1R=2.58 x 10-4 C/kg1 AIR KERMA=100R

  26. ABSORBED DOSE THE AMOUNT OF ENERGY PER UNIT MASS ABSORBED BY THE IRRADIATED OBJECT

  27. rad= RADIATION ABSORBED DOSE1 GRAY=100 rad

  28. EFFECTIVE DOSE PROVIDES A MEASURE OF THE OVERALL RISK OF EXPOSURE TO IONIZING RADIATION. UNIT OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE DOSE. 1 Sv = 100 rem

  29. The SI derived unit of activity, usually meaning radioactivity. "Radioactivity" is caused when atoms disintegrate, ejecting energetic particles

  30. RADIOACTIVITY • The SI derived unit of activity, usually meaning radioactivity. "Radioactivity" is caused when atoms disintegrate, ejecting energetic particles. One becquerel is the radiation caused by one disintegration per secondThe unit is named for a French physicist, Antoine-Henri Becquerel (1852-1908), the discoverer of radioactivity • One curie was originally defined as the radioactivity of one gram of pure radium. In 1953 scientists agreed that the curie would represent exactly 3.7 x 1010 atomic disintegrations per secondThe unit is named for Pierre and Marie Curie, the discoverers of radium and polonium.

  31. Quantity of radioactive material 1 Bq = 3.7 x 1010 Ci

  32. QUANTITIES • SCALAR--- ONLY HAVE MAGNITUDE • VECTOR---HAVE MAGNITUDE & DIRECTION

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