语法 Grammar

1. 语法 Grammar 定语从句 The Attributive Clauses

2. 形容词性从句--定语从句 1 、在复合句中，用来修饰某一名词、代词、句子叫做定语从句。（在句中的作用相当于形容词，故称为形容词性从句。） 2、被修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词，定语从句放在 先行词之后。

3. 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。 • 限制性定语从句对被修饰词起到限制、修饰的作用，一般不可缺少。 • 非限制性定语从句起补充、附带说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解。 e.g. She said she had finished her work, which I doubted very much. I’ve got some personal affairs that I have to deal with.

4. 关系代词：who, whom, whose, that, which, as等（在句中作主、表、宾、定等成分） 关系副词：where (on which), when (in which), why (for which)（在句中作状语） 定语从句常用关系词 e.g. The man who lived on the third floor was a famous scientist. 定语从句 先行词 关系代词

5. 定语从句引导词的选择 • 取决于先行词（被修饰词）在定语从句中的位置、成分。 e.g. The people whom\who\that you met in the campus are from Australia.（作宾语） This was the time when\at which she left for Beijing. The place which he often visits is always full of artists.

6. 使用要点 1. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，不能省略。 e.g. The classroomthat is on the fourth floor is poorly equipped. 2. 关系代词在从句中作宾语且前面没有介词时，常可省略。 e.g. This is the girl with whom he works. 3. 关系副词在定语从句中不可省略。 e.g. I have come to explain the reason why I was absent from the meeting.

7. 关 系 代 词 关系副词

8. 指出关系代词（副词）在定语从句中的成份： 1.The man who came to our school is Mr. Wang. ( ) 2.The girl (whom) I met is Lucy. ( ) 3.A child whose parents are dead is called Tom. ( ) 4.I like the book (which) you bought yesterday. ( ) 主语 宾语 定语 宾语 Have a try

9. 5. His parents wouldn’t let him marry anyone whose family was poor. ( ) 6. I like the person to whom you just talked. ( ) 7. We shall never forget the days (that) we spent together. ( ) 8. We shall never the days when we lived together. 定语 介宾 宾语 状语 Have a try

10. 定语从句简化四法 • 当定语从句有谓语动词后面是介词短语,只而去掉关系 • 代词和谓语动词即可. e.g. The student that is from Canada speaks French. --------- The student from Canada speaks French. The book that/which is on table is expensive. ----------the book on the table is expensive.

11. (2)当定语从句是主动结构,且为进行时态,或当定语从句表示经常的动作或状态时,可以简化为现在分词短语.(2)当定语从句是主动结构,且为进行时态,或当定语从句表示经常的动作或状态时,可以简化为现在分词短语. • The boy that is reading a book is Tom. • ------the boy reading a book is Tom. • The students who study here are all from worker families. • -------the students studying here are all from worker families.

12. (3) 当定语 从句为被动语态是,支掉关系词或助动词,使之成为一个过去分词短语. • This is a book which was written by a worker. • -----this is a book written by a worker. • We can see many dinosaurs which were discovered by you. • -----we can see many dinosaurs discovered by you

13. (4) 当定语从句中的谓语动词表示一个将要发生的动作或具有某种情态意义时,可以简化为动词不定式. • She has a lot of work that she must do. • -----she has a lot f work to do. • He is the first who arrives and the last who leaves. • -----he is the first to arrive and the last to leave.

14. 一、定语从句中主谓一致的问题： 当关系词在定语从句中作主语是，从句的谓语必须与先行词保持 一致。 1.Tom is one of the boys who are from the USA. 2.Tom is the only boy that is from the USA . 二、定语从句中动词时态的问题。 定语从句根据表达的需要选用相应的时态。 e.g. 1. Where id the student whom I met just now? 2. Where is the student whom I will visit soon? 3. Where is the student whois on duty today?

15. 考点一：that和which 三、以下情况，引导词用that，不用which。 1. 先行词为不定代词everything，little，much，all，anything，nothing , none 等 。 e.g.Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen. I had to remember everything that taught me 注：先行词是something 时，关系代词可用 that或which;先行词是someone,anyone，someboby, anyboby,noboby时（即指人）关系代词用that或who. 2. 先行词前有形容词最高级时，或是最高级时，用that。 e.g. This is the best book (that) I’ve ever read. He worked out the most difficult problem that I had seen.

16. 考点一：that和which 3. 先行词被the only，the very，the last ，the same ,the just等 修饰时，用that。 e.g. He is the only person that I want to see now. He is the last man that I want to see. I need the same book that /as you have. 注：当选行词是the same时，也可以用as. 4. 先行词同时指人和指物时，用that。 e.g. We talked about the things and persons that we saw then.

17. 5. 定语从句内容为解释名词的性质、概念时，需用that。 e.g. A plane is a machine that can fly . 6. 先行词被序数词或the last 修饰时， e.g. He was the first person thatgot to the Mount Emei. This is the fourth film that has been shown in our school this team. The first thing that you must do is to have a meal.

18. 7 .先行词是或被不定代词all, few, little, much, evey, some, no等修饰时。 E.g. I have done all that he told us to do. 我已完成了他让我做的一切。 He has no books that I need. 他没有我所需要的书。 This is little work that is fit for you。 几乎没有适合你的工作了。

19. 8. 当先行词是疑问词who， which, what或主句以这些 词开头时， e.g. which is the star thatis never to the earth? Who is the girl that is standing under the tree? Which is the machine that we used last Sunday. 9. 当those作为先行词指人时，通常只能用who引导；

20. 定语从句简化四法 • 当定语从句有谓语动词后面是介词短语,只而去掉关系 • 代词和谓语动词即可. e.g. The student that is from Canada speaks French. --------- The student from Canada speaks French. The book that/which is on table is expensive. ----------the book on the table is expensive.

21. (2)当定语从句是主动结构,且为进行时态,或当定语从句表示经常的动作或状态时,可以简化为现在分词短语.(2)当定语从句是主动结构,且为进行时态,或当定语从句表示经常的动作或状态时,可以简化为现在分词短语. • The boy that is reading a book is Tom. • ------the boy reading a book is Tom. • The students who study here are all from worker families. • -------the students studying here are all from worker families.

22. (3) 当定语 从句为被动语态是,支掉关系词或助动词,使之成为一个过去分词短语. • This is a book which was written by a worker. • -----this is a book written by a worker. • We can see many dinosaurs which were discovered by you. • -----we can see many dinosaurs discovered by you

23. (4) 当定语从句中的谓语动词表示一个将要发生的动作或具有某种情态意义时,可以简化为动词不定式. • She has a lot of work that she must do. • -----she has a lot f work to do. • He is the first who arrives and the last who leaves. • -----he is the first to arrive and the last to leave.

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