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Considering what we have learned thus far about North American Colonization, what specific conflicts have occurred between different groups?. OPENING. The French & Indian War (1756 to 1763). “ The Great War for Empire ”. Preceded by other wars for Empire… Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713)

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  1. Considering what we have learned thus far about North American Colonization, what specific conflicts have occurred between different groups? OPENING

  2. The French & Indian War (1756 to 1763) “The Great War for Empire”

  3. Preceded by other wars for Empire… Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) War for Jenkins’ Ear (1739-1742) King George’s War (1744-1748) Involved in ALL of these major wars were colonists of North America The French & Indian War (1754-1763)

  4. Was 1763 a "turning point" in British-colonial relationships???

  5. North America in 1750

  6. 1754  The First Clash England & France begin disputing the Ohio River Valley. Increase fortifications

  7. - 1753: 21 year old GW sent to Ohio River Valley (Presque Isle) to present Britain’s case for North America • His accounts (The Journal of George Washington) becomes a popular work about the American frontier.

  8. 1754  The First Clash The Ohio Valley British French Fort Necessity Fort Duquesne* George Washington * Delaware & Shawnee Indians

  9. Tanacharison’s Response “Both you & the English are White. We live in a country between, therefore the land does not belong either to one or the other; but the GREAT BEING above allow’d it to be a Place of residence for us.”

  10. Tanacharison & The English • Fr. begin radiating control over Indian Tribes • “if you do not come to our assistance…we are entirely undone” – T. • Va. House of Burgesses funds a regiment • British Reason for alliance with Indians • Cant live with ‘em, Can’t defeat the French without ‘em.

  11. Washington’s Accounts Letter to Dinwiddie: I there upon in conjunction with the Half King… formed a disposition to attack them on all sides, which we accordingly did and after an Engagement of abt 15 minutes we killed 10, wounded one and took 21 prisoners, amongst those that were killed was Monsieur De Jumonville, the Commander” Diary: “We Killed Mr. De Jumonville – as also 9 others… the Indians scalped dead.”

  12. The Long Term Problem…

  13. The Odds… In North America • 1,450,000 British Colonists • 70,000 French Colonists At Fort Duquesne (1755) • 218 French soldiers + 637 Indian allies • Braddock & 1,400 Soldiers + 450 Virginians (1,000 men in reserve)

  14. “A doubt remains not that the prosperity of our colonies on the continent will stand or fall with our interest and favour among (the Indians).” -Sir Random English Official “To preserve the balance of power between us and the French is the great ruling principle of modern Indian politics.” - Phantom New York Politician

  15. Iroquois favor could be gained by one of two ways: 1. Purchase 2. Demonstration of Power

  16. 1754  Albany Plan of Union Ben Franklin  representatives from New England, NY, MD, PA • Albany Congress failed Iroquois broke off relations with Britain & threatened to trade with the French.

  17. 1755  Br. Decides to Eliminate Fr. Presence in No. Amer. Gen. Edward Braddock  evict the French from the OH Valley & Canada (Newfoundland & Nova Scotia) • Attacks OH Valley, Mohawk Valley, & Acadia. • Killed 10 mi. from Ft. Duquesne by 1500 French and Indian forces. Only Br. Success  expelled France from Louisiana. CAJUNS

  18. 1756  War Is Formally Declared! Lord Loudouin Marquis de Montcalm Native American tribes exploited both sides!

  19. British-American Colonial Tensions Methods ofFighting: • Indian-style guerilla tactics. • March in formation or bayonet charge. MilitaryOrganization: • Col. militias served under own captains. • Br. officers wanted to take charge of colonials. MilitaryDiscipline: • No mil. deference or protocols observed. • Drills & tough discipline. Finances: • Resistance to rising taxes. • Colonists should pay for their own defense. Demeanor: • Casual, non-professionals. • Prima Donna Br. officers with servants & tea settings.

  20. 1757  William Pitt Becomes Foreign Minister • He understood colonial concerns. • He offered them a compromise: - col. loyalty & mil. cooperation-->Br. would reimburse col. assemblies for their costs. -Lord Loudoun would be removed. RESULTS? Colonial morale increased by 1758.

  21. 1758-1761  The Tide Turns for England *By 1761, Sp. has become an ally of Fr.

  22. 1763  Treaty of Paris France --> lost her Canadian possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims to lands east of the Mississippi River. Spain -->got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida to England. England -->got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance in India.

  23. North America in 1763

  24. Effects of the War on Britain? 1. It increased her colonial empire in the Americas. 2. It greatly enlarged England’s debt. 3. Britain’s contempt for the colonials created bitter feelings. Therefore, England felt that amajor reorganization of her American Empire was necessary!

  25. Effects of the War on the American Colonials 1.It united them against a common enemy for the first time. 2. It created a socializing experience for all the colonials who participated. 3. It created bitter feelings towards the British that would only intensify.

  26. The Aftermath: Tensions Along the Frontier 1763 Pontiac’s Rebellion Fort Detroit British “gifts” of smallpox-infected blankets from Fort Pitt.

  27. Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)

  28. BACKLASH! British Proclamation Line of 1763. Colonials  Paxton Boys (PA)

  29. Rethinking Their Empire Br. Gvt. measures to prevent smuggling: • 1761 writs of assistance • James Otis’ case • Protection of a citizen’s private property must be held in higher regard than a parliamentary statute. • He lost  parliamentary law and custom had equalweight.

  30. George Grenville’s Program, 1763-1765 1. Sugar Act - 1764 2. Currency Act - 1764 3. Quartering Act - 1765 4. Stamp Act - 1765

  31. Theories of Representation Real Whigs Q->What was the extent of Parliament’s authority over the colonies?? Absolute? OR Limited? Q->How could the colonies give or withhold consent for parliamentary legislation when they did not have representation in that body??

  32. Stamp Act Crisis Loyal Nine- 1765 Sons of Liberty– began in NYC:Samuel Adams Stamp Act Congress– 1765*Stamp Act Resolves Declaratory Act– 1766

  33. Townshend Duties Crisis: 1767-1770 1767 William Pitt, P. M. & Charles Townshend, Secretary of the Exchequer. • Shift from paying taxes for Br. war debts & quartering of troops  paying col. govt. salaries. • He diverted revenue collection from internal to external trade. • Tax these imports  paper, paint, lead, glass, tea. • Increase custom officials at American ports  established a Board of Customs in Boston.

  34. Colonial Response to the Townshend Duties 1. John Dickinson  1768*Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania. 2. 1768  2nd non-importation movement:*“Daughters of Liberty”*spinning bees 3. Riots against customs agents:* John Hancock’s ship, the Liberty.* 4000 British troops sent to Boston.

  35. For the first time, many colonists began calling people who joined the non-importation movement, "patriots!"

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