American Society and Economy Transformed (1812-1860)

1. American Society and Economy Transformed (1812-1860)

2. American Society and Economy Transformed • Introduction • Economic Transformation • Agriculture • Northwest • Southwest • Transportation • Industry • Urbanization • Religion and Reforms • Second Great Awakening • Reform Era • Conclusion • Vocab • Nativist • John Deere • Eli Whitney • Cotton Gin • McCormick Reaper • Steel Plow

3. Themes • Transformations • Agricultural Boom, Transportation, Industry, and Urbanization • Americans Society • Religion and Reform Era

4. Through most of human history goods have been made and moved using human power and animal power. Only in the past 150 have machines started to take over these tasks. This is known as industrialization. How different would your life be without machines? Bellwork

5. Population Patterns • U.S. Pop • 1790: 4 million; most east of the Appalachians • 1840: 17 million; 1/3 west of the Appalachians

6. Population Distribution (1790 and 1850)

7. American Society and Economy Transformed • Introduction • Economic Transformation • Agriculture • Northwest • Southwest • Transportation • Industry • Urbanization • Religion and Reforms • Second Great Awakening • Reform Era • Conclusion

8. Population Patterns • U.S. Pop • 1790: 4 million; most east of the Appalachians • 1840: 17 million; 1/3 west of the Appalachians • Population grewin parts of “Old Northwest”

9. Population Patterns • U.S. Pop • 1790: 4 million; most east of the Appalachians • 1840: 17 million; 1/3 west of the Appalachians • Population grewin parts of “Old Northwest” • Ohio • 1800 = 45,000 • 1820 = 581,000 • 1840 = 1,500,000 • Michigan • 1810 = 5,000 • 1840 = 212,000

10. Population Patterns • U.S. Pop • 1790: 4 million; most east of the Appalachians • 1840: 17 million; 1/3 west of the Appalachians • Population grewin parts of “Old Northwest” • Commercial farming become more common • Great Lakes and Mississippi were used to transport goods • “Old Northwest” emerged as a leading agricultural region

11. Commercial Farming and Old Northwest • The East became more urban and industrialized • Western farms benefitedfrom newer technologies • McCormick Reaper • Steel Plow

12. Farm Economy • Expansion of Farming into the west

13. American Society and Economy Transformed • Introduction • Economic Transformation • Agriculture • Northwest • Southwest • Transportation • Industry • Urbanization • Religion and Reforms • Second Great Awakening • Reform Era • Conclusion

14. “Old Southwest” Territory • Commercial Farming and tech also impacted “Old Southwest” • Settlement increased as cotton became leading U.S. export • Alabama and Mississippi produced nearly 50% of U.S. cotton by 1820s

15. Eli Whitney’s cotton gin led to expansion of cotton plantations • Patent came through in 1807 • Cotton was shippedtoBr. and U.S. textiles mills • Demand for slave labor increased dramatically

17. Check UP! • How did new technologies change farming?

18. American Society and Economy Transformed • Introduction • Economic Transformation • Agriculture • Northwest • Southwest • Transportation • Industry • Urbanization • Religion and Reforms • Second Great Awakening • Reform Era • Conclusion

19. Transportation – Cumberland Road • 620 Mile road • Connected Potomac River with Ohio River • Federally funded

20. Transportation - Canals • Steamboats transformed transportation of goodsand people via rivers • Inventor - Robert Fulton • Canals were built to link major waterways

21. Transportation - Erie Canal • Linked Hudson River to Lake Erie • 360 miles long • Took 8 years to build • Cost = $7 million (130 million today) • Opened eastern markets to crops raised by western farmers

22. Transportation - Canals

23. Transportation - Railroad • Railroads developed rapidly after 1830 • 1830  13 miles of track. • 1850  9000 mi. • 1860  31,000 mi.

24. Inland Freight Cost

25. Check up! • 2. How did the Transportation revolution impact the following things? • Economy of the nation • Society • Politics

26. American Society and Economy Transformed • Introduction • Economic Transformation • Agriculture • Northwest • Southwest • Transportation • Industry (Revolution) • Urbanization • Religion and Reforms • Second Great Awakening • Reform Era • Conclusion

27. Rise of Industry • Industrial Revolution • Largely beganwith the manufacturing of textiles • Production: • 1817 • 4,000,000 yards • 1843 • 323,000,000 yards

28. Case Study: Lowell, Massachusetts Mills • 80% of factory workers were female • Long hours • Hot and humid conditions

29. Industrial Revolution • Largely beganwith the manufacturing of textiles • Production: • 1817 • 4,000,000 yards • 1843 • 323,000,000 yards • Consumerism • People in urban areas began to purchase ready-made clothing (more common for men) Rise of Industry

30. U.S. Manufacturing Employment

31. Check Up 3. How did the Industrial revolution impact the following things? • Economy of the nation • Society • Politics

32. Review

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36. Review

37. Check Up! • 4. Based on what you have learned so far in this Unit, list as many causes as you can for the growth of industry in the United States.

38. American Society and Economy Transformed • Introduction • Transportation • Agriculture • Northwest • Southwest • Transportation • Industry • Urbanization • Religion and Reforms • Second Great Awakening • Reform Era • Conclusion

39. Urbanization • 1820s most major cities were seaports • 1 city had pop over 100,000 • U.S. pop continued to increase • Immigration • High birth rates

40. Immigration Statistics

41. Urbanization • By 1860 eight cities had populations over 100,000 • New York City’s population reached 800,000 by 1860 • Large inequalities between richandpoor

42. Gap Between Rich and Poor • Boston • In 1833 the richest 4% owned 25% of city’s wealth • In 1848 the riches 4% owned 66% of the city’s wealth • New York City • In 1828 the richest 4% owned 50%of the city’s wealth • In 1848 the riches 4% owned 66% of the city’s wealth

43. Immigrants often faced persecution Native-born workers were resentful and believed large immigrant populations led to lower wages Immigrants and Persecution

44. Racist Thomas Nast cartoon comparing Irish Immigrants with southern Slaves An 1850s cartoon showing a "poor house" of immigrants from Ireland. Immigrants and Persecution Source

45. A cartoon from the 1850s by the "Know-Nothings" accusing the Irish and German immigrants of negatively affecting an election. Thomas Nast cartoon from 1870 expressing the worry that the Irish Catholics threatened the American freedom. Immigrants and Persecution

46. This cartoon printed in 1889, stereotypes the Irish as unmixable in America's melting pot. Check Up! 5. Why did nativist fear new immigrants to the United States (specifically Irish)? Immigrants and Persecution

47. Check Up!

48. American Society and Economy Transformed • Introduction • Transportation • Agriculture • Northwest • Southwest • Transportation • Industry • Urbanization • Religion and Reforms • Second Great Awakening • Reform Era • Conclusion

49. Second Great Awakening • Began in New England in 1790s, but spread across the country • Camp meetings became common • Large audiences listened to many different preachers • Speakers called on worshipers to ask for forgiveness and prepare for the Second Coming

50. Second Great Awakening • Charles Finney • Former lawyer and gifted speaker • Sin was voluntary act • Rejected Calvinist predestination • Evangelist - Born-Again