GC #1: cognates

1. GC #1: cognates • Cognates are words that can be easily recognized because they either look or sound like words in the English language. • However, there are false cognates: • Examples of cognates • La clase, febrero • Examples of false cognates • Embarazada, sopa

2. GC #2: pronouns Singular Plural Nosotros we First person Second Person Third Person Yo-I Vosotros You (Spain) Tú-you Él-heElla-she Usted (Ud.)-you formal Ellos (as)-they Ustedes (Uds.) You

3. GC # 3: ser (to be) Singular Plural Yo soy First person Second Person Third Person Nosotros somos Os sois Tú eres Él es Ellas es Usted (Ud.) es Ellos son Ellas son Ustedes son

4. GC #4: question formationPreguntas (con letra) ECDL • To ask a question that may be answered yes or no, simply raise your voice at the end of the question. • You may answer a question with the word no twice: once to mean no and again to mean not. • Notice that all question words are written with an accent mark. • Also all questions start with an upside question mark ¿ then close up the questions with ?

5. GC # 4: question formation ¿Qué dice el Wordle? ¿Qué? What? What? How? ¿Cómo? ¿Cuándo? When?

6. GC # 4: question formation ¿Quién? Who? Who all? Who are? ¿Quiénes? ¿Cuánto? How much?

7. GC # 4: question formation Why? ¿Por qué? Where from? ¿De dónde? ¿Cuál? Which? What?

8. GC #5: gender and adjective agreement • Adj. describe nouns and must therefore match the gender and number of the noun. • The masculine forms of most adj. end in –o. • The feminine forms of most adj. End in –a. • Adj. ending in consonants or “e” have the same masc. and fem. Forms and do not add an “a”.

9. GC #5: gender and adjective agreement • One exception: Adj. ending in letters “or” or are adj. of nationality form the fem. By adding an “a” • To make an adj. plural, add –s to the singular form. • If it ends in a consonant, add –es. • To describe a mixed group of men and women, use the masc. Plural form of the adj.

10. GC #5: gender and adjective agreement • To describe a mixed group of men and women, use the masc. plural form of the adj. • Examples: • El librobueno • La comidabuena • Los librosbuenos • Las comidasbuenas

11. GC #6:nouns and definite articles • Definite articles are used to say “the”. • They have different forms and must agree with the noun in gender and number.

12. GC # 6:definite articles (the) singular plural femenino Masculino la el los las

13. GC #7: gustar (to like) Use the verb gustar to say what people like. If the thing they like is singular, use gusta. If it's plural, use gustan. Use ¿qué? with gusta to ask what someone likes.

14. Ejemplos: ¿Te gusta la pizza? Do you like pizza? --Sí, y me gustan las verduras. --Yes, and I like vegetables. ¿Qué te gusta? What do you like? Me gustan los carros. I like cars.

15. GC # 7: gustar (to like) Singular Plural First person Second Person Third Person Nos gusta Me gusta Os gusta Te gusta Le gusta Les gusta

16. Notice that le can stand for you(usted),he, she or it; and les can stand for you(ustedes) or they. To ask who is being talked about, use a quién or a quiénes. To clarify who is being talked about, use a + name(s). 

17. Ejemplos: —¿A quién le gusta la pizza?  —Wholikes pizza? —A Juan le gusta la pizza. —¿A quiénes les gusta la pizza?  —Wholikes pizza? —A Juan y a Sara les gusta.

18. Put the word no before the pronoun to say don't or doesn't. —¿Te gusta la fruta?  —No, no me gusta la fruta.  To ask why, use ¿Por qué? Answer with porque(because). —¿Por qué te gusta el helado?  —Me gusta porque es delicioso.

19. GC #8: Preposition “de” 1) Deis used to show possession or relationship.  Es el carro de Ernesto.  It’sErnesto’s car. Son los amigos de la profesora.  They’retheteacher’sfriends.

20. GC #8: Preposition “de” 2) In addition, de can be used to indicate what type of thing you’re describing. los libros de aventuras  adventurebooks las películas de misterio  mysterymovies

21. GC #8: Preposition “de” 3) The word de is also used to say where someone is from.  Julio es de Costa Rica.  Julio is from Costa Rica. 4) The preposition de followed by el makes the contraction del.  el correo electrónico del profesor theteacher’s e-mail address

22. GC #9: Gustar + infinitives Infinitive – to + a verb, tells what’s happening without telling who performs the action or when the action takes place: There are 3 types of infinitives in Spanish -ar -er -ir Hablar comerescribir

23. 3) Use an infinitive after the verb “gustar” to say what people like to do. Me gusta patinar. I like to skate. ¿Te gusta cantar? Do you like to sing? Cantaris a verb written in the infinitive. 4) Always use gusta with an infinitive never gustan.

24. GC #10: Querer (to want) Use a noun after querer to say what you want. Use an infinitive after querer to say what you want to do. Examples: Quiero Taco Bell. I want Taco Bell. Quiero comer Taco Bell. I want to eat…

25. GC #10: Quererto want Singular Plural First person Second Person Third Person queremos quiero queréis quieres Quiere quieren

26. GC #11: Pronouns after prepositions Pronouns can have different forms even if they refer to the same person. Example: Yo soy Andrea. Me gusta el helado. 2 After preposition like a (to, at), de (of, from, about), and en (in, on, at), the subject pronouns yo and tú change to mí and ti. All other subject pronouns stay the same.

27. Con + the pronoun mí and ti make conmigo (with me) and contigo (with you). To add people to the sentence, use the word a before the name. Example: A Lisa y a Teo les gusta cantar. A mí me gusta patinar.

28. GC #12: Present tense of regular –ar verbs Every verb has a stem followed by an ending. The stem tells the verb’s meaning. An infinitive ending doesn’t name a subject. Stem Hablar ending Stem Comer ending Stem Vivir ending

29. 2. To give the verb a subject, you conjugateit. To conjugate a regular -ar verb in the present tense, drop the -ar ending of the infinitive and add these endings. Each ending goes with a particular subject.

30. Cantar: to sing Singular Plural First person Second Person Third Person Nosotroscantamos Yo canto vosotros/as cantáis Túcantas Élcanta Ellacanta Ud. Canta Ellos/ascantan Uds.cantan

31. Examples: --¿Cantanustedes mucho? Do you sing a lot? --No, casi nunca cantamos. No, we hardly ever sing.

32. 3. Since most of the time the ending of the verb tells the subject, the subject pronoun is normally left out. Use subject pronouns to add emphasis, or when it wouldn’t otherwise be clear who the subject is.

33. Examples: --¿Patinanustedes mucho? Do you skate a lot? --Ellos patinan. Yo nunca pantino. They skate. I never skate.

34. GC #13: irregular verb ir The -ar verbs you have learned are called regular verbs because their conjugations all follow a predictable pattern. Some verbs such as ir(togo) are called irregular, because they do not follow a clear pattern.

35. GC #13: Ir to go Singular Plural First person Second Person Third Person Vamos Voy vais Vas Va Van

36. GC #13: jugarU UE The verb jugar(to play a sport or game) has regular -ar endings, but the vowel u in the stem changes to ue in all but the nosotros and vosotros forms. 

37. GC #13: Jugar: to play Singular Plural First person Second Person Third Person Jugamos Juego Jugáis Juegas Juega Juegan

38. The prepositionais used after ir to mean to.Ais also used after jugar with a sport. When a is followed by el, the two words combine to form the contraction al. Use ¿adónde?to ask where to. Al to the —¿Adónde van los domingos?

39. CONTRACTION: al = a + el Juego al (a el) ajedrez. Jugamos al béisbol. Juegas al básquetbol. Voy al (a el ) mercado. Vamos al (a el ) cine. Van al (a el) colegio.

40. GC #14: Weather Expressions ¿Qué tiempohace? How is the weather? Hace mal tiempo. The weather is bad. Hace buentiempo. The weather is good.

41. Hace fresco.It is cool. Hace calor. It is hot. Hacer frío.It is cold. Hace sol.It is sunny. Hace viento.It is windy. Llueve.It rains. Nieva.It snows.

42. GC #15: Indefinite Articles. Indefinite articles are used to say “a”, “an”, and “some”. Indefinite articles have four forms and must agree with the noun in gender and number.

43. GC #15: indefinite articles Sing. Plu. masculine feminine una un unos unas

44. GC #16: Present Tense -er verbs Singular Plural First person Second Person Third Person -emos -o -es -e -en

45. GC #16: P T -ir verbs Singular Plural First person Second Person Third Person -imos -o -es -e -en

46. GC #17: tener(to have) Singular Plural First person Second Person Third Person Tenemos Tengo Tienes Tiene Tienen

47. Tener idioms Tengo que + infinitive-to have to do something. Tener ganas de + inf. –to feel like doing something. Tenerprisa– to be in a hurry Tener(mucha) hambre– to be very hungry

48. Tenermuchased—to be very thirsty. Tenersueño– to be sleepy Tenermiedo– to be afraid Tenercalor– to be hot Tenerfrío– to be cold

49. GC #18: venir (to come) Singular Plural First person Second Person Third Person Venimos Vengo Vienes Viene Vienen

50. GC #19: hacer (do) Singular Plural First person Second Person Third Person Hacemos Hago Haces Hace Hacen