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Cephalopods

Cephalopods. Observational Learning in Octopus vulgaris. Graziano Fiorito and Pietro Scotto. 1. Training. 12 V. Red group. White group. (n=30). (n=14). 3cm. Repeated until the octopus chose correctly for 5 consecutive trials. Red: 16.83 +/- 1.35 trials ; White: 21.50 +/- 1.46 trials.

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Cephalopods

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  1. Cephalopods

  2. Observational Learning in Octopus vulgaris GrazianoFiorito and Pietro Scotto

  3. 1. Training 12 V Red group White group (n=30) (n=14) 3cm Repeated until the octopus chose correctly for 5 consecutive trials. Red: 16.83 +/- 1.35 trials ; White: 21.50 +/- 1.46 trials.

  4. 2. Observation Demonstrator Untrained Repeated for 4 trials. No errors detected by demonstrator. Fig. 1

  5. 3. Testing

  6. 3. Testing

  7. 3. Testing x5

  8. Table 1: Learning retention Results Fig.2

  9. Results Table 1: Learning retention

  10. Results Red group demonstrators Red group observers White group demonstrators White group observers

  11. Results and Discussion • O. vulgaris can learn through observational learning. • Learning through observation was significantly faster than through conditioning. “After four conditioning trials success rates of 51% for red and 51% for white group were attained, whereas four trials of observation with demonstrators led to corresponding success rates of 86 and 70%.” • Learning was retained (no statistically significant difference between original testing phase and testing five days later. Red: 81% day 1, 81% day 5; white: 70% day 1, 81% day 5). • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GQwJXvlTWDw

  12. Fig. 4 Ikeda, Y. (September 01, 2009). A perspective on the study of cognition and sociality of cephalopod mollusks, a group of intelligent marine invertebrates.Japanese Psychological Research, 51, 3, 146-153. “Squids…show a social response (they show strong interest in their mirror image) “cuttlefish…show a semi-social response (they show moderate interest in their mirror image and they touch the mirror surface) “octopuses…do not clearly react to a mirror. They do not move at all, or they move to the opposite side of the mirror to hide.”

  13. Chromatophores Messenger, J. B. (2001). Cephalopod chromatophores: neurobiology and natural history. Biological Reviews, 76(4), 473-528. Cloney and Florey, 1968 Cuttlefish: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fR7Dqf0vzzQ Octopus: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eS-USrwuUfA http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=os6HD-sCRn8 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=usB1Wj-cUNE http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P_1HOwIx9JQ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r1bxBmJAAJE

  14. Mather, J. A., & Anderson, R. C. (September 01, 1999). Exploration, play, and habituation in octopuses (Octopus defleini). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 113, 3.) • Exploration: Transformation of “what does this object do?” to “what can I do with this object?” (Hutt 1966) • Exploration and habituation of a novel stimulus was demonstrated by eight octopuses. • Two octopuses showed signs of exploratory play by repeatedly jetting water at the stimulus (a pill bottle) against the current, as if it were “bouncing a ball.” Anderson, R. C., Mather, J. A., Monette, M. Q., & Zimsen, S. R. (2010). Octopuses (Enteroctopusdofleini) recognize individual humans. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 13(3), 261-272. • Eight octopuses were irritated by one human and fed by another over the course of a five day period, followed by a two day “break”, then another five day period. • Eleven days later, the two humans were presented to the octopus. • The octopuses behaved differently toward the feeder and irritator, displaying locomotion away from irritator (toward feeder), aiming their funnel and water jet toward irritator (away from feeder) and displayed an “eye bar” in the presence of the irritator.

  15. Further Reading Consciousness:/personality: Mather, J. A. (2008). Cephalopod consciousness: behavioural evidence. Consciousness and Cognition, 17(1), 37-48. Mather, J. A. (March 01, 2008). To boldly go where no mollusc has gone before: Personality, play, thinking, and consciousness in cephalopods&ast. American Malacological Bulletin, 24, 1, 51-58. Mather, J. A., & Anderson, R. C. (January 01, 1993). Personalities of octopuses (Octopus rubescens). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 107(3), 336. Neurobiology: Rowell, C. F. (1963). Excitatory and inhibitory pathways in the arm of Octopus. Journal of Experimental Biology, 40(2), 257-270. Mather, J. A., & Kuba, M. J. (2013). The cephalopod specialties: complex nervous system, learning, and cognition. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 91(6), 431-449.

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