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Judaism Chapter 8

Judaism Chapter 8. Judaism Learning Objectives (1). Comprehend the concepts/ terms Understand and explain the main beliefs/ teachings Understand and explain the practices

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Judaism Chapter 8

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  1. JudaismChapter 8

  2. Judaism Learning Objectives (1) • Comprehend the concepts/ terms • Understand and explain the main beliefs/ teachings • Understand and explain the practices • Understand historical development of Judaism with the cultural, political, and social contexts and how foreign influences impacted the religion • Be able to explain the nature and goals of this relig. • Develop an appreciation for the contributions this religion made to history of thought, religion, etc.

  3. Judaism Learning Objectives (2) • Know, identify, comprehend, and explain the following: • The theistic classification of this religion • Its concepts and thought patterns • The countries where this religion formed/developed • Its origin, its founders & his teachings, the story • The main beliefs and practices • The main sacred texts and teachings t • The main divisions/ sects/ Branches • Judaism today and its festivals

  4. The Discovery of Judaism… Begins Now…

  5. Judaism: Quote of the Day • “Here, O Israel: the LORD our God, the LORD is one!” Deut. 6:4 (NKJV)

  6. Judaism Terms/ Concepts and Figures • Torah Tanak • Talmud Mishnah • Exodus Ten Commandments • YHWH/Yahweh Israel Levitical Feasts • Abraham Moses David Solomon Ezra • Priest Prophet Rabbi • 722 B.C.E. 586 B.C.E. 70 C.E. • Sadducees Pharisees Essenes • Apocalyptic Messiah/ messianic Diaspora • Biblical Judaism Rabbinic Judaism Zealots Gentiles • Hasidism Orthodox Conservative Reform • Kabbalism Kosher Holy Days • Zionism Anti-Semitism Holocaust

  7. Defining Judaism (1):Webster’s Collegiate New Ninth • 1. A religion developed among the ancient Hebrews & characterized by belief in one transcendent God who has revealed himself to Abraham, Moses, & the prophets, & by religious life in accordance with Scriptures & rabbinic traditions • 2. Conformity to Jewish rites, ceremonies, & practices • 3. The cultural, social, & religious beliefs & practices of the Jews • 4. The Jewish people

  8. Defining Judaism (2) • Judaism: a religion and a culture • “Jew”: used in ethnic (physical descendency) cultural, and religious senses • Clearing the confusion: propose • Judaica: Jewish things/ culture • “Judaism”: the religion • But what about “Jew”?

  9. Defining “Israel” • Israel – ethnic sense (descendents of the 12 tribes of Israel) • Israel – national/ political sense • Israel – religious/ spiritual sense

  10. A Foretaste of Judaism’s Main Beliefs • God is One • God made a covenant with His Hebrew people • God is active in history and the Tanak recounts the sacred history • God has spoken to His people directly through prophets especially noteworthy, Moses

  11. The Story of Judaism (1):The Beginning: the Creation The Story of the Creation (based on the Hebrew Scriptures (Old Testament) “In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth…” (Gen. 1:1)

  12. The Story of Judaism (2):The Patriarch Abraham Abram of Ur of Mesopotamia:God’s Call to him to separate from his peoples God’s promises to Abram God sends Abram to Canaan Later God changes his name to Abraham

  13. Abraham’s Journey

  14. The Story of Judaism (3):Ishmael and Isaac • Abraham’s 1st son was thru Hagar, the servant of Abraham’s wife Sarai • Later, at the age of 90, Sarai conceives and gives birth to Isaac (“laughter”) • When Isaac is a teenager, Sarai demands that Hagar and Isaac be banished from them and his inheritance

  15. The Story of Judaism (4):Isaac, Jacob, and 12 Sons of Israel • Isaac begets Jacob • Jacob, as a young man, wrestles with an angel who changes Jacob’s name to “Israel” • Israel then has twelve sons who basically become the Twelve Tribes of Israel

  16. The Story of Judaism (5):From the Patriarchs to Moses • Jacob’s extended family of 70 migrate to Egypt during draught and remain there • Descendents of Israel are enslaved by Pharaoh • Moses comes on the seen, flees Egypt for killing an Egyptian and while in the wilderness, God calls him to return to Egypt to “set My people free”

  17. The Story of Judaism (6):The Passover • Moses, with his brother Aaron, return to Egypt and go to Pharaoh, “Let my people go,” and God sends many plagues before Pharaoh gives in, the last plague: death of the firstborn • The Israelites celebrate the first Passover on that last night in Egypt, the night of their deliverance from bondage to Egypt • Then Moses leads the children of Israel out of Egypt into freedom • The Passover has been celebrated since in Judaism, a formative sacred event

  18. The Story of Judaism (7): The Exodus • The pharaoh releases the Israelites, and they make a mass exodus. • Moses leads them to Mt. Sinai where he receives the Torah of God, even the Law, which is the 2nd defining event in the formation of Judaism.

  19. The Story of Judaism (8):The Exodus, highlighted by Hopfe • Hopfe & Woodward textbook states: The Exodus (includes the Passover) is the most important event in Judaism • The events and characters of the Exodus became the heart and soul of the Jewish people • God acted to save his chosen people, the Israelites, miraculously delivering them from slavery from the most powerful nation in the world at that time

  20. The Story of Judaism (9):The Sinai Event • At Mt. Sinai, Moses received the Law of God for the Israelites. • Jewish tradition is that the Torah, is the Law Moses received from Mt. Sinai, and that Moses wrote these first five books of the Hebrew Scriptures (the 1st 5 books of the Bible) • This legal material of the Law became the most important material for Judaism

  21. The Ten Commandments etched on stone tablets

  22. Two Main Defining Events of Judaism Recapped • The Passover and Exodus/ Deliverance from Egyptian Slavery • The Receiving of the Torah from Mt. Sinai

  23. The Story of Judaism (10):The Wilderness Wanderings • The Israelites wandered in the wilderness for 40 years before entering the promised Land of Canaan

  24. The Wilderness Wanderings encampment below Mt. Sinai Ark of Covenant in the Tabernacle

  25. The Story of Judaism (11):The Age of the Judges and Monarchies • 200-400 year period of Israel (confederated tribes) being ruled by Judges. • United monarchy period under kings Saul, David, then Solomon • Divided monarchy from about 921 B.C.E. to 586 B.C.E. • Northern kingdom of Israel was destroyed by the Assyrians in 722 B.C.E. • Judah was destroyed in 586 B.C.E. by the Babylonians

  26. The Story of Judaism (12):Destruction of 1st Temple, Babylonian Exile, and the 2nd Temple • Solomon’s Temple destroyed in 586 by the Babylonians • The Jewish exile (“captivity”) in Babylonian exile (for 70 years accord to the Bible) • Persian king Cyrus Edict of Restoration allowed the Jews to return to Jerusalem to rebuild • The Jewish Temple in Jerusalem was rebuilt after under Nehemiah after 537, the “Second” Temple • The “Second” Temple, after King Herod adorned it was destroyed by the Romans in 70 C.E.

  27. The Making of the Hebrew Scriptures towards Canonization • Most of the Hebrew Scriptures written by end of Babylonian exile, end of 6th cent. B.C.E. • Ezra and other priests edited, redacted into the final form in the 5th cent. B.C.E. • Books of Daniel and final compiling of Psalms in the 2nd cent. B.C.E. • All these books make up Hebrew Scriptures, the Tanak (equivalent to the “Old Testament” in the Bible) • Tanak contains the 3 main divisions: Torah, The Prophets, and the Writings

  28. The Religion of Biblical Judaism (1)inBCE Days and up to 70 C.E. Includes the Religion of the ancient Israelites, also called the Faith of YHWH Sabbath-keeping Animal sacrifices and offerings by the priests at the Tabernacle and latter Jerusalem Temple, and offerings of the people. Office (role) of the Prophets Singing and keeping of the 7 Levitical Festivals and the beginning of the keeping of the Torah

  29. The Religion of Biblical Judaism (2)inBCE Days and up to 70 C.E. • Worshipping YHWH & living in covenant with God through: • Circumcision • Offerings & sacrifices at tabernacle & later the temple in Jerusalem • Sabbath-keeping • Moon festivals and Levitical Feasts • Kosher-keeping based on Torah laws • Prayers • Singing by Levitical priests

  30. Institutions of Biblical Judaism BCE Days: • Levitical Priesthood • Ark of the Covenant • Jerusalem Temple

  31. The Intertestamental Period Historical empires: Persian, Greek, Parthian, and Roman Roughly “400 Silent Years” Josephus, 1st cent. C.E. Jewish historian Alexander the Great’s conquest of Israel (4th cent. B.C.E.) Maccabean Revolt and Hasmonean Dynasty (2nd cent.-63 B.C.E.) Rise of Apocalyptic literature and messianic prophecies and expectation

  32. Sects of Judaism2nd. Cent. B.C.E. to 70 C.E. Developed in Seleucid Pd. 2nd cent.BCE Sadducees, Pharisees, and Essenes Sanhedrin was the high Jewish ruling Council in Jerusalem

  33. The Apocalyptic and Messianic Beliefs in focus • Apocalyptic literature became very popular by Jews in Palestine under the oppressive Seleucid Greek rule • Messiah would come to bring the evil times to an end and establish a reign of peace • Messianic age would be heralded by a period of great oppression and wickedness • 1st cent. C.E. many Jews believed that age had come under the Roman oppression • Jesus the “Christ” Heb. Messiah was believed by some to be the promised Messiah

  34. The Destruction of the 2nd Temple and Jerusalem in 70 C.E. The Romans destroyed Jerusalem and the Jewish temple in 70 C.E., and this put a permanent end to the Jewish sacrificial system. Judaism was fundamentally changed from daily animal sacrifices to daily prayers.

  35. Rabbinic Judaism (1) • No Temple = No animal sacrifices and no priesthood = a MAJOR change in this religion • Shifted to the study of Torah and prayer revolving around the Torah • Weekly observance of the Sabbath continued • Gathered in synagogues for worship and prayer • Office of priest replaced by the office of Rabbis as the main religious leaders. • The Temple’s permanent destruction made this change permanent.

  36. Rabbinic Judaism (2) • Rabbinic Judaism develops from the 1st-4th centuries C.E, coming mainly out of the Pharisee sect • The Mishnah (219 C.E.) the “Oral Torah” • The Talmud (499 C.E.) the “Oral Torah” and commentaries, legal arguments, etc. • the Torah is the voice of God, the “king” of this religion

  37. Rabbinic Judaism and Christianity Part their Ways • The first Christians, who were Jews, believed that Jesus of Nazareth was the Messiah* (which “Christ” means), but those who remained of the faith of Judaism did not accept this belief, and so this is the basic difference between Judaism & Christianity Judaism and Christianity parted ways from the very beginning: Judaism developed into Rabbinic Judaism which did not emphasize the Prophetic books of the Tanak which the earliest Jewish (or Hebrew) Christians interpreted those prophecies as fulfilled by Jesus • *Most Jews today are no longer looking for or expecting a Messiah

  38. An Overview/Review of Judaism from B.C.E. times to Rabbinic Era: • Type/Class: Monotheism • Founders: Moses, and Ezra (latter two are the main founders) • Sacred Texts: Torah (&Tanak) & Talmud • Places: Canaan/Israel and Diaspora • BCE times: Cult center at tabernacle then temple in Jerusalem with offerings & animal sacrifices • Post 70 C.E. times: Torah readings & prayers in synagogues • Main Spiritual Center: Jerusalem

  39. Religious Institutions and Offices:Intertestamental Pd. to 70 C.E. (2) • Post-Babylonian Captivity till 70 C.E. Pharisees and Sadducees and Scribes together made up the religious leaders and professionals in addition to the priests The Sanhedrin was the high Jewish Ruling Authority/Council in Jerusalem from 2nd cent. B.C.E. to 70 C.E. made up of Pharisees and Sadducees The Synagogue (from Gk. “assembly”), the main institution since 70 C.E.

  40. Religious Institutions and Offices: Rabbinic Age • 1st Cent. C.E. to the present: • The Synagogue • The Rabbi: • Literally means “my master,” also means “teacher” or “great learned one.” With the temple destroyed, priests were no longer needed. The Torah was established as the voice of God, so the Jewish communities needed someone to spend time studying the Scriptures and teaching the people. They are also congregational and worship leaders, but in modern Judaism, a lay person can also lead worship.

  41. The Sacred Texts (in review) • Torah – The “Law of Moses”, Pentateuch (1st 5 books of the Bible/Old Testament) • (The Hebrew Scriptures: see Tanak below) • Mishnah: (legal commentary): 2nd cent. C.E. • Talmud: (oral tradition, rabbinic teachings, etc.) compiled 5th cent. C.E. (Palestinian) and Babylonian Talmud 600-1000 C.E.

  42. The Sacred Texts:The Tanak acronym • Tanak: acronym: • T = Torah, • N = Nevi’im, the “Prophets,” & • K = Kethi’vim, “Writings” (wisdom lit. and the Psalms, etc. Together, all these writings make up the Hebrew Scriptures corresponding to the Old Testament of the Bible. They were all compiled by 3rd cent. B.C.E. by time when the Tanak was first translated into Greek, known as the Septuagint, in Alexandria, Egypt. Tanak formally canonized in1st cent. B.C.E./C.E.

  43. Judaism’ Main Beliefs Overview • God has covenanted with the Jewish People • God gave the Torah including His Law on Mt. Sinai to Moses • Moses is the greatest prophet • God, the Creator of all, works in history • God is holy and is the Judge of All • Human beings sin, are corruptible, but God is merciful and forgives • Heaven & Hell was also a prominent belief in the 1st cent. CE, but not believed by many liberal Jews such as in Reformed Judaism

  44. Judaism: Main Practices Rabbinic to Modern Period • Worshiping God & living in the covenantal relationship & life through: • Sabbath-Keeping • Synagogue-attending • Torah study • Prayer • Jewish Festivals (compare: Levitical Feasts) • Circumcision, Bar & Bat-Mitzvahs (Puberty Rite of Passage • Kosher Dietary laws

  45. Additional Jewish Faith Practices • Mizzuzahs-small boxes w/tiny Torah scripture excerpts mounted on door post of home, touching in when going out or coming in for blessing (basis is in Torah, Deut. Ch. 6) • T’fillin and Phylacteries-(fr. Gk. For amulet) sm. Leather boxes w/ tiny Torah scrolls strapped to forehead & arms-Orthodox practice • Prayer: at the Wailing Wall, the most sacred place for Judaism in the world.

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