"Disability Resources for Students (DRS) is looking for a notetaker for

1. "Disability Resources for Students (DRS) is looking for a notetaker for this class to assist a student who is unable to take complete class notes because of the effects of a disability. They have asked me to make an announcement to request volunteers, as a notetaker has not yet been found. At least two notetakers are needed; a primary who would be able to copy his/her notes once a week, and an alternate who would be on standby as a back-up notetaker. The time commitment is minimal, but the difference it makes for the student is significant. DRS pays for the photocopying and will provide a letter of recommendation for your volunteer hours. If you are interested in volunteering, or if you have any questions, please contact DRS for more information. They are located in Schmitz Hall, room 448. You may call DRS at 543-8924 or email them at uwdss@u.washington.edu. Thank you for your consideration."

2. Forests and Society • History of Reverence for Forests • Conservation and Regulation of Forest Uses • History of Forest Protected Areas • Democratization of Forest Uses & Sustainability • Characteristics of Forests and Human Survival • Environmental U.S. Legislation • Products and Uses of Forests and Trees

3. What types of forest resources are consumed/extracted in industrialized and developing countries? • forests important in most parts of world • extractive economies are highly dependent on forests for subsistence • especially in tropics where high species diversity and high poverty exist • products extracted from forests globally (and mainly for fuelwood) 3

4. Wood Consumption (1990) • Global: 124 billion cubic feet • 54% Fuel – not very efficient or environmental, just burning with large losses of heat energy • 33% Industrial (saw logs, construction, etc) • 13% Pulp and paper • United States: 14.1 billion ft3 (11% of world consumption but <5% population) • 18% Fuel • 51% Industrial • 31% Pulp and paper FAO predicts by 2025 fuelwood demand will be twice the available supply 4

5. Some World Consumption Data, 1994 (% of total) Half global forest area where ~50% wood used as fuelwood As become more industrialized use less wood for energy, more for paper 5

6. Several trends are apparent from the data Table • most of the developing nations use a significant amount of wood as fuelwood or firewood while the industrialized worlduses little to none for this purpose • as a country becomes more industrialized, there is a shift from wood to fossil fuels as an energy source. 6

7. ~25% world’s forests managed for wood production • amount could be supplied by 5% of forests if intensively managed • mainly single species dominated forests • Monoculture forestry – especially in plantations • mainly led by industrial countries 7

8. Wood Use in United States WHY decreasing? Pulp is the production of paper products What was used to make paper in mid-1880s? 8

9. MUMMIES' RAGS WERE ONCE THE RAGE THAT PROVIDED U.S. THE PRINTED PAGE Abstract: Linen wrappings from Egyptian mummies were once used by some U.S. papermakers in the late 19th century to make bond and printing papers. Source: Pollack, M., Printing Impressions, v 21, n 7, Dec., 1978, 60-61ISSN: 0032-860X http://www.paperonline.org/history/history_frame.html 9

10. Global consumption of paper products dramatically increasing during the last decade suggesting a greater proportion of future wood supply might be used for producing paper products • Currently a third of the wood supply in Europe and the United States is used for fiber to produce paper products. This consumption does not appear to be slowing down even with high use of computers for digital transfer and storage of information (WRI, 1998-1999) 10

11. Origins of Paper • Paper from wood originated in China during former Han Dynasty (207 BC – 9 AD) • 3rd century spread to Vietnam, then Tibet • 4th century introduced to Korea • 6th century spread to Japan, then India, then to the Moslem world, and finally Europe 11

12. Global Paper Consumption (FAO 2001, AFPA 2000) • Global Consumption of Paper in 2000: • 36% in Communication (e.g., printing, writing, newsprint) • 57% in Packaging (e.g., containerboard, packaging paper, boxboard) • 7% in Miscellaneous (hygienic, health care, etc) • Consumption going up • 1990 Consumption of Paper = 10 million tons • 2000 Consumption of Paper = 140 million tons 12

13. Global Per Capita Consumption of Paper Products • World - 46 kg/person • China - 18 kg/person • Western Europe - 160 kg/person • USA - 308 kg/person 13

14. Paper Manufacture • Pulp and paper industry in top 10 manufacturing industries in U.S. • 4% of US exports • Employs 700,000 people 14

15. Industrialized Country (e.g., U.S.): • Waste management • landfills are expensive to maintain, • land less available to use for this purpose • New ways of managing wastes are needed!!! Environmental services, biodiversity 82% FORESTS Forest Products: paper, building materials, packing materials, furniture, clothing ~18% Fuelwood 16% 57% 27% 4) Burned 1) Landfill 3) Recycling 2) Composting 15

16. Paper Manufacture • Raw Material Needs - 320 million tons • Wood-Based Raw Materials - 176 million tons • Recycled Fiber - 96 million tons • Minerals and Chemicals - 38 million tons • Non-wood Fiber - 10 million tons • Recovery Rate of fibers (1991) • North America - 36% • Western Europe - 39% • Japan - 50% Portion of paper recycled - paper can only be recycled 4-5 times since fibers break down eventually from use of strong chemicals in preparation 16

17. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEXICAN PAPER INDUSTRY • Using Rags to Make Paper • The Mexican paper industry created in 1590 when first paper industry opened in Mexico City • Throughout the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries, the Mexican paper industry made paper from old rags, which were usually scarce. The rags collected in colonial Mexico were in short supply due to the fact that inhabitants used their clothes as long as possible, discarded them infrequently and in small quantities. 17

18. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MEXICAN PAPER INDUSTRY • Using Rags to Make Paper • The recovery of discarded rags for papermaking during 17th-18th centuries such economic importance that it commanded royal attention • Felipe III of Spain signed the Reglamento de Libre Comercio de Indias (free trade law between the Spanish Crown and its territories in the Americas) in 1778 which exempted rags collected in the Spanish possessions in the Americas from the payment of import tariffs • This Reglamento attempted to encourage Mexican traperos to increase their gathering of rags, which would be exported to Spain, transformed into paper, and part of the paper sent back to New Spain Where does the recycled paper in Mexico come from?? 18

19. Recycled Fiber Important for the Mexican Paper Industry Due to the impracticality of achieving backward vertical integration with the forestry sector, the Mexican paper industry has undertaken vigorous efforts to increase the use of recycled fiber. In 1984, the Mexican paper industry used 58.3% wastepaper as a fiber source, while in 1994 it had increased to 73.8%. Correspondingly, primary fiber (wood pulp and sugar cane bagasse) utilization decreased from 41.7% in 1984 to 26.2% in 1994. 19

20. Wood pile before covering it by turf or soil, and firing it (around 1890) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal Developing Countries: tree materials or vegetables used to make CHARCOAL – converting to a higher energy product when converted to charcoal. WHY? Northern Brazil 20

21. India Himalayas – • cutting trees for fire wood, • not enough wood available, • this is poor looking forest, and • not enough trees for use as firewood or fuelwood 21

22. Outside New Delhi, India – houses made of cow piles set aside to use later as fuel for cooking and heating because not enough woody or vegetable biomass to use as a fuel 22

23. Himalayas – India THESE PRODUCTS ARE ALSO NEEDED FROM FORESTS THAT ARE NOT ENERGY RELATED Subsistence economies where people are helped to survive by collecting forest materials. Harvesting resin from pine for lanterns Collecting leaves for animal fodder (food) 23

24. Developing Countries: • many non-wood products are collected for subsistence from forests; • they frequently have no economic value in regional, national or global markets & are therefore traded locally; • timber has highest economic return Collecting Latex – rubber tree 24

25. Major factors causing loss of Forests: agricultural conversion predominant Amazon, shifting agriculture or subsistence survival by clearing small tracts of land in forest, farming for 5 – 20 yrs and then moving to another location 25

26. LAND CONVERSION BIGGEST LOSS OF FORESTS - Not all forests exploited for fuelwood • Shift from subsistence economies to those providing higher economic return on global economies • Much deforestation in south/central America due to conversion to cattle ranches which returns a higher revenue for local elites but not communities surviving at a subsistence level. North Brazil 26

27. Small scale being converted to large scale agricultural enterprises (palm oil plantations) for food production • This results in loss of native forests Malaysia, palm oil plantations 27 27

28. Subsistence Population Densities directly related to how much Forest Cover Remaining, Maya Region (Meyerson 2000) For forest extractive communities – surviving from forests mostly Forest Remaining (% of Total) Population Density(# people/km2) Population Density (persons/km2) 28

29. Wildfire Trends – loss of significant forest area in U.S. resulting from past fire control and selective logging of trees that were tolerant of fire leaving behind the more fire-intolerant species. 29 http://www.nifc.gov/stats/wildlandfirestats.html

30. Avg. = 4.9 Million 1994 - 2002 Avg. = 4.1 Million Wildfire Trends 30 http://www.nifc.gov/stats/wildlandfirestats.html

31. Fire costs are high because of proximity of forests to urban areas 31

32. Wildfires 32 The Economist, March 20, 2004

33. Fire Control Fire control has made the forest landscape more susceptible to large scale fires today NOTE: how open the forest is in this photo when there was no fire control policy! 1909 33

34. 1948 1958 Effects of Fire Control over Time 1968 34

35. 1989 • NOTE: • dense stand with lots of foliage close to the ground, • species like fir, which are not tolerant of fire, dominate 35

36. The result is FIRES 36

37. Biomass can also be converted into many goods traditionally produced from fossil fuels as they are all carbon based: • Energy • Transportation fuels • Industrial chemicals/materials 37

38. DIVERSITY OF NON-TRADITIONAL PRODUCTS POSSIBLE FROM WOOD TODAY Transportation Biofuels Pharmaceutical Precursors Bio-oils Electricity using Hydrogen Fuel Cells and Chemical Industry Precursors Chemicals Methanol 38

39. 39

40. Technological breakthroughs facilitating development of new biomass energy systems • New C neutral chemical transformation processes for biomass conversion to methanol • Developments in hydrogen fuel cells 40

41. Wood Conversion to Energy What is new about that? Methods of conversion advanced from simply combusting wood to producing energy (direct heat or steam). New Technologies convert to bio-oils, methanol at high efficiencies: = 1 ton Wood Biomasscan produce 186 gallons of Methanol = 44 - 60% efficiency in wood transformation to methanol 41

42. wood-gas powered VW Beetle http://www2.whidbey.net/lighthook/woodgas.htm http://www.green-trust.org/woodgas.htm circa 1943-44; http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/bp/16/woodfire3.htm G.B. Kobelt and fitted gas producer approx 1942-43; http://www.fortunecity.com/greenfield/bp/16/woodfire3.htm 42

43. Wood-fired gasifier still used in Australia; http://www.green-trust.org/woodgas.htm The old wood-gas car idea is alive today using old technology in remote or rural areas 43

44. (A) turkey guts, skin, bones, fat, blood, feathersto useful products. After first-stage heat-and-pressure reaction, fats, proteins, and carbohydrates break down into (B) carboxylic oil, (C) a light oil - further distilled into lighter fuels such as (D) naphtha, (E) gasoline, (F) kerosene. Process also yields: (G) fertilizer-grade mineralsmostly from bones & (H) industrially usefulcarbon black. 44

45. Casio Fuel Cell Powered Notebook computer fueled by methanol -runs computer 20 hrs on one refueling Toshiba fuel cell power MP3 player on methanol – 20 hrs power digital music player Electronic equipment fueled by methanol powered fuel cells 45

46. Using Wood Non-traditionally: for alternative renewable energy, fuels Advantages of using wood non-traditionally • Solutions allowing conservation, increased rural viability, and decreased loss of forestlands • Decreasedependenceon fossil fuels for energy • Mitigate climatechange effects due to greenhouse gas production especially from the transportation sector • Significant environmental effects due to decreasedinput of wastes into landfills, burning, and increasedrecycling of wood as the wood life-cycle is included in economics and management • Manage for old growth forest conditions, achieve conservation goals 46