INTRODUCTION TO ACCOUNTING (1)

1. Tally Prime & GST

2. BASIC ACCOUNTING Module 1

3. INTRODUCTION TO ACCOUNTING The American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) defines “accounting is the art of recording classifying and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money transactions and events which are at least of financial character and interpreting the results there off”. BRANCHES OF ACCOUNTING Financial Accounting Cost Accounting Management Accounting Financial Accounting The purpose of Financial Accounting is to keep a record of all financial transactions. Cost Accounting The purpose of Cost Accounting is to analyses the expenditure to ascertain the cost of various products manufactured by the company and fix the price of final product. It is also helps in controlling cost. Management Accounting The purpose of Management Accounting is to assist the management in taking policies decision. It is also helps to evaluate the impact of past management decision and actions. FEATURES OR FUNCTIONS OF ACCOUNTING 1.RECORDING Recording transactions is the basic functions of accounting. The recording are originally done in a book called ‘JOURNAL’. 2.CLASSIFYING Classifying means bringing transactions of similar nature into one place. The work of classification is done in the book known as ‘LEDGER’. 3.SUMMERIZING: It means presentation of classified data in a manner understandable to the users of accounting. It involves the preparation of income statements and position statement. 4.ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION: It helps the users to make a judgment about the financial condition of the business. 5.COMMUNICATION: After analysis and interpretation, the accounting information has to be communicated to the proper person. The reports are prepared in the form of ratios, graphs, diagrams, etc…

4. OBJECTIVES OF ACCOUNTING The primary objectives of accounting are as follows; 1.MAINTENANCE OF RECORDS The main purpose of accounting is to identify the business transactions and enter them into appropriate books of accounts. Transactions are classified assets, liability, revenue; expense etc. It helps to keep proper records. 2.CALCULATION OF PROFIT/LOSS Earning profit is the main purpose of a business. This information is available from the statement ‘profit or loss a/c. 3.DEPICTION OF FINANCIAL POSITION All the ends of an accounting period a position statement known as ‘Balance Sheet is Prepared’. The value of assets and liabilities are depicted in the balance sheet. 4.MAKING INFORMATION AVAILABLE TO VAROUS USERS The results of accounting records may be communicated to the interested parties like owners, investors, creditors, bankers, government, employers etc.… TYPES OF INFORMATION Accounting information’s are useful to all are connected with the business. The uses of accounting are classified into internal users and external users. The types of information on the basis of users are follows; 1.OWNERS Owners are investors in the business. They are interested to know their Share of profit. The long-term solvency of the business etc.…. 2.MANAGEMENT The information provided by books of accounts helps the management to plan the future activities of the concern to evaluate the performance, take corrective actions etc. 3.CREDITORS, BANKERS, ETC. They lend money or material to the business. They interested to know the solvency and liquidity of the concern.

5. 4.POTENTIAL INVESTORS They are the outside persons interested in investing the savings in the business. They need the information about the profitability and insolvency of the concern. 5.EMPLOYEES They are interested in the earning capacity of the concern. 6.GOVERNMENT Government needs accounts and other statements for connecting income tax, sales tax, excise duty etc… 7.CUSTOMERS They need accounting information’s decide the ability to service the product. 8.RESEARCHES: Researches collect information from financial statement for their research study. BASIC TERMS IN ACCOUNTING The understanding of the subject becomes easy when one has the knowledge of a few important terms of accounting. They are us follows. 1.TRANSACTIONS An event involving some value between two or more entities. It can be a purchase of goods, receipt of money, payment to a creditor, incurring expenses; etc. It can be a cash transactions or credit transactions. 2.ENTITY Entity means a reality that has a definite individual existence. Business entity means a specifically identifiable business enterprise like super bazaar, hire jewelers. 3.ASSETS Assetare the properties of every description belonging to the business. Cash in hand, plant and machinery, furniture and fittings, bank balance, debtors, bills receivable, stock of goods, investments, Goodwill are examples for assets. Assets can be classified into tangible and intangible a.TANGIBLE ASSETS: These assets are those having no physical existence It can be seen and touched for example, plant and machinery, cash, etc.…. b. INTANGIBLE ASSETS: Intangible assets are those assets having no physical existence but possession gives rise to some right and benefits to the owner. It cannot be seen or touched. Goodwill, patents, trademarks are some of the examples.

6. 4.LIABILITIES Liabilities are obligations or debts that an enterprise has to pay at some time in the future. Long term liabilities: are those that are usually payable after a period of one year. For example term loan from a financial institution or debentures (bonds) issued by a company. Short term liabilities: are obligations that are payable within a period of one year, for example creditors, bills payable, bank overdraft. 5.CAPITAL Amount invested by the owner in the firm is known as capital. It may be brought in the form of cash or assets by the owner for the business entity capital is an obligation and a claim on the assets of business. It is, therefore, shown as capital on the liabilities side of the balance sheet. 6.SALES Sales are total revenues from goods or services sold or provided to customers. Sales may be cash sales or credit sales 7.REVENUES These are the amounts of the business earned by selling its product or providing services to customer, called sale revenue. Revenue is also called income. 8.EXPENSES Costs incurred by a business in the process of earning revenue are known as expenses. Examples are rent, salary, interest etc… 9.EXPENDITURE Spending money or incurring a liability for some benefit, service or property received is called expenditure. Example payment of rent, salary, purchase etc… 10.PROFIT The excess of revenues of a period over its related expenses during accounting year is profit. 11.GAIN A profit that arises from events or transactions which are incidental to business such as sale of fixed assets, winning a court case, appreciation in the value of asset. 12.LOSS The excess of expenses of a period over its related revenues its termed as loss .It decreases in owner’s equity.eg, cash or goods lost by theft or a fire accident, etc

7. 13.DISCOUNT Discount is the deduction in the price of the goods sold. It is offered in two ways. Deduction of agreed percentage of list price at the time of selling goods is one way of giving discount is trade discount. Deduction is given at the time of payment on the amount payable is called cash discount. 14.VOUCHER The documentary evidence in support of a transaction is known as voucher.eg, if we buy goods, we get cash memo. If we buy goods on credit, we get an invoice. When we make a payment, we get a receipt. 15.GOODS It refers to the products in which the business unit dealing, i.e in terms of which it is buying and selling or producing and selling. 16.DRAWINGS Withdrawal of money and or goods by the owner from the business for personal use is known as drawings. A drawing reduces the investment of owners. 17.PURCHASES Purchases are total amount of goods procured by a business on credit and on cash, for use or resale. Purchases may be cash purchases or credit purchases. 18.STOCK Stock (inventory)is a measure of something on hand-goods, spares and other items in a business is called stock in hand and the stock on hand is the amount of goods which are lying unsold as at the end of an accounting period is known as closing stock. 19.DEBTORS Debtors are persons and or other entities who owe to an enterprise an amount for buying goods and services on credit. 20.CREDITORS Creditors are persons and or other entities who have to be paid by an enterprise an amount for providing the enterprise goods and service on credit.

8. BOOK – KEEPING AND ACCOUNTING The terms book-keeping and accounting are often used interchangeable. But they are different from each other book –keeping is concerned with recording of business transactions in an orderly manner while accounting is concerned with laying down the principle and design the system for recording, classifying and summarizing and external users. ACCOUNTING RULES Financial accounting includes more than just bookkeeping. In accounting, every transaction consists of two entries: debit and credit. Knowing which accounts should be credited and which should be charged is vital. The double entry accounting system is used here. The three golden rules of accounts are the rules that regulate accounting information. These rules of accounting allow for the systematic documenting of financial transactions. They simplify sophisticated bookkeeping operations into a set of ideas that may be commonly comprehended, studied, and applied. Role of Accounting in Business and its importance Accounting provides clarity in business that helps make the right decisions based on expenses, tax liabilities and cash flow. There are three critical financial statements generated through “accounting”. A profit and loss statement gives clarity on the income and expenses. A balance sheet helps to understand the financial position of the business. The cash flow statement helps keep track of cash generated and is used by investors to assess a business's financial health. Golden Rule In golden rule accounts are classified into three Real Account Nominal Account Personal Account Real Account A real account is a general ledger account that records all asset and liability transactions. It consists of both actual and intangible assets. Tangible assets include furniture, land, buildings, machinery, etc. On the other hand, intangible assets include goodwill, copyright, patents, etc.

9. Nominal Account A nominal account is a general ledger account used to track the revenue, expenses, profits, and losses. It keeps track of every transaction for a specific fiscal year. The balances are thus reset to zero, and the procedure may start over. Interest accrues on nominal accounts Personal Account general ledger account for people is referred to as a personal account. It can be natural persons such as humans or artificial persons such as corporations, enterprises, associations, etc. Type of Accounts Real Account Nominal Account Personal Account All Asset All items of P& L All Parties (Tangible & Intangible) (Income & Expenses) (Debtors & Creditors) Rules Rules Rules Debit The Receiver Debit what comes Debit All expenses & Losses Credit The Giver Credit what goes Credit All Incomes & Gains

10. MODULE 2 BOOK KEEPING

11. Journal Journal is the day book kept in the business in which day to day transactions recorded as chronologically. The process of recording transactions in the journal termed as journalizing. The transactions recorded in the journal called journal entry. Format of Journal Entry Date Particulars L/F Debit Amt Credit Amt Illustration 1 Sooraj Mart furnish the following information: Transactions during the month of April 2022 are as under: Apr 1. Business started with cash Rs. 1,50,000. Apr 2. Goods purchased form Manisha Rs. 36,000. Apr 4. Stationery purchased for cash Rs. 2,200. Apr 6. Open a bank account with SBI for Rs. 35.000 Apr 11. Goods sold to Priya for Rs. 16.000. Apr 12. Received a cheque of Rs. 16,000 from Priya Apr 13. Sold goods to Nidhi Rs. 14.000. Apr 14. Nidhi pays Rs. 14,000 cash. Apr 14. Purchased goods for Rs. 20,000 on credit from Ritu. Apr 14. Insurance paid by cheque Rs. 6,000. Apr 16. Paid rent Rs. 2,000. Apr 17. Goods costing Rs. 1.500 given as charity. Apr 18. Purchased office furniture for Rs. 11,200. Apr 20. Cash withdrawn for household purposes Rs. 5000.- Apr 24. Interest received cash Rs.1.200. Apr 29. Cash sales Rs.2,300. Apr 30. Commission paid Rs. 3,000 by cheque. Apr 30. Telephone bill paid by cheque Rs. 2,000. Apr 30. Payment of salaries in cash Rs. 12.000.

12. Ledger A ledger is a collection of set of accounts. If is the chief book of Accounts or principle book or secondary record. It is the book where transactions in similar nature are grouped together in one place. Format of Ledger Date Particulars J/F Amount Date Particulars J/F Amount Illustration 2 Journalese the following transactions of M/s Mallika Fashion House and post the entries to the Ledger: Date 2022 June 05 Business started with cash June 08 Opened a bank account with Syndicate Bank June 12 Goods purchased on credit from M/s Gulmohar Fashion House June 12 Purchase office machines, paid by cheque June 18 Rent paid by cheque June 20 Sale of goods on credit to M/s Mohit Bros June 22 Cash sales June 25 Cash paid to M/s Gulmohar Fashion House June 28 Received a cheque from M/s Mohit Bros June 30 Salary paid in cash

13. Trail Balance Trail balance is a statement of containing the balance of all ledger accounts, as at any given date, arranged in the form of debit and credit column placed side by side and prepared with the object of the arithmetical accuracy of ledger posting Objective of preparing the Trail Balance: • • • To ascertain the arithmetical accuracy of the ledger accounts. To help in locating errors To help in the preparation of the financial statement.

14. MODULE 3 FINAL ACCOUNTS

15. Trading Account Trading account is prepared for an accounting period to find the trading results or gross margin of the business. The amount of gross profit the concern has made from buying and selling during the accounting period. Performa of Trading Account Trading Account for the year ending…… Dr Cr Particulars To Opening Stock To Purchases (-) Pur. Returns *** Amount Particulars By Sales (-) Sales return *** Amount *** *** *** *** Closing stock (Market price/Cost price closing stock whichever is less) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** To Wage To Carriage Inward To Fright Inward To Manufacturing exp To Factory Rent To Lighting and Heating To Excise Duty To Octroi To Duty & Clearings To Customs Duty To Fuel & Power To coal & water To Primary Packing To Royalty Gross Loss B/D *** *** Gross profit C/D *** ***

16. PROFIT AND LOSS ACCOUNT Profit and Loss account is prepared to ascertain the net profit of the business concern for an accounting period Profit and Loss account starts with gross profit brought down from trading account on the credit side. (If gross loss, on the debit side). All the indirect expenses are debited and all the revenue incomes are credited to the profit and loss account and then net profit or loss is calculated. Performa of Profit and loss account Profit and loss account for the year Ending… Dr Cr Particulars To gross loss Amount *** Particulars By Gross profit Amount *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Salary Rent Printing Postage Telephone exp Legal charges Insurance Audit fee Director’s fee General exp Advertising exp Commissio n allowed Bad debt Repairs Depreciation Discount allowed Bank charges Trade exp Travelling exp Loss on sale of asset *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Interest received Commission received Rent received Discount allowed Apprentice premium Dividend received Profit on sale of asset *** *** To Net profit transferred to capital a/c *** *** ***

17. Balance Sheet A balance sheet is a statement prepaid to ascertain the true financial position of a business. It is prepared at the end of an accounting period after preparing trading and profit and loss account. The balance sheet comprises of list of assets, liability, and capital fund on a given date. It presents the financial position of a concern as revealed by the accounting record. Performa of Balance Sheet Balance Sheet as on …… Liability & Capital Capital (+) Net profit Or (-) Net loss (-) Drawing Amount Assets Cash in hand Cash at bank Sundry debtors Bills receivable Closing stock Investment Furniture Plant & Machinery Land & Building Premises Goodwill Accrued Incomes Preliminary Expenses Amount *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Sundry creditors Bills payable Loans Bank Overdraft Outstanding Exp *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***

18. Adjustments At the time of prepare final accounts there may be certain outstanding expenses, certain outstanding income, prepaid expenses, income received in advance etc. These items should be considered for getting correct profit and the true financial position. The entries passed to bring these items in the books of accounts are known as adjusting entries. 1.Outstanding Expenses These are the expenses which become due for payment but not paid till the closing date. They are also known as expenses due but not paid or expense payable. If this item given in adjustment, it should be added with the concerned extent in profit and loss account debit side and shown in balance sheet liability side. If this item given in trial balance, then only shown in balance sheet liability side Adjustment entry EXPENCE A/C DR TO OUTSTANDING EXPENSES, A/C 2.Prepaid Expenses This are expenses which are paid during the current year but for next year. They are also known as and unexpired expenses or expense paid in advance. When this item given in adjustment it should be deducted from the concerned expenses in profit and loss account and shown in balance sheet asset side. If this item given in trial balance, then only show in balance sheet asset side Adjustment entry PREPAID EXPENCE A/C DR TO EXPENSES A/C 3.Accrued Income These are incomes which become due but not received till the closing date. it is also known as Income receivable or Outstanding income. If this item given in adjustment, it should be added with the concerned income in Profit & loss account and shown in balance sheet asset side. when this item given in trial balance then only show balance sheet asset side. Adjustment entry ACCRUED INCOME A/C DR TO INCOME A/C

19. 4.Income received In Advance These are incomes received during the current year but for the next year. When it is given in adjustment it should be deducted from the concern income in Profit & Loss account credit side and shown in balance sheet liabilities side. If it is given in trial balance then only show in balance sheet Adjustment entry INCOME A/C DR TO INCOME RECEIVED IN ADVANCE A/C 5.Depreciation Permanent and continuous decrease in the value of fixed asset due to the wear and tear, obsolesce, depletion, passage of time, non-use etc. It is a loss of business. If depreciation given in adjustment, it should be debited with the Profit & Loss account and deducted from the concerned asset in balance sheet. If depreciation given in trial balance it should be only debit side in Profit & Loss account Adjustment entry DPRECIATION A/C DR TO FIXED ASSET A/C 6.Bad debt Irrecoverable part of sundry debtors is known as bad debt. It is a business loss. Both trial balance bad debt and adjustment bad debt should be debited in profit and loss account. Only adjustment bad debt should be deducted from debtor’s balance sheet Adjustment entry BADDEBT A/C DR TO DEBTORS A/C 7.Provision for Bad debt A provision for bad debt is created out of profit for meeting future bad debt on current year debtors. It should be debited in profit and loss account and deducted from sundry debtors in balance sheet. while taking the percentage of debtors further bad debt should be deducted from the debtors.

20. 8.Interest on Capital It is the interest given by the business to the owners or his investment in capital. it is an expense of business. If it given in adjustment it should be debited in profit and loss account and added with capital in balance sheet. When it given in trial balance then only debited in profit and loss account Adjustment entry INTEREST ON CAPITAL A/C DR TO CAPITAL A/C 9.Interest on drawings It is the interest charged by the business from its owner for their personal drawing. It is an income of business. It should be credited in profit and loss account and deducted from capital in balance sheet Adjustment entry DRAWINGS A/C DR TO INTEREST ON DRAWINGS A/C

21. MODULE 4 CASH BOOKS

22. Cash Book Cash book is a book in which all transactions relating to cash receipt and cash payments are recorded. It starts with the cash or bank balances at the beginning of the period. Generally, it is made on monthly basis. This is a very popular book and maintained by all organization, big or small, profit or not-for-profit. It serves the purpose of both journal as well as the ledger account. It is also called book of original entry. When a cash book is maintained, transactions of cash are not recorded in the journal, and no separate account for cash or bank is required in the ledger. 1.Single column cash book The single column cash book records all cash transactions of the cash transactions of the business in a chronological order; it is a complete record of cash receipts and cash payment. The format of single column cash book is Single Column Cash Book Dr Cr Date Particulars L.F Amount Date Particulars L.F Amount 2. Double column Cash Book This type of cash book, there are two columns of amount on each side of the cash book. In fact, now a day’s bank transactions are very large in number. In many organizations, as far as possible, all receipts and payments are affected through bank. Double Column Cash Book Dr Cr Date Particulars L.F Cash Bank Date Particulars L.F Cash Bank

23. Petty Cash Book In Every Organization, a large number of small payments such as conveyance, cartage, telegrams and other expenses are made. These are generally repetitive in nature. The cashier may be overburdened and cash book may become very bulky. To avoid this, large organization normally appoints one more casher (petty cashier) and maintains a separate cash book to recode these transactions. Such a cash book maintained by petty cashier is called petty cash book Petty Cash Book Dr Cr Amount Date Particulars L.F Amount Expenses

24. Questions: 1.Journalise the following transactions: 2022 Dec. 01 Hema started business with cash 100000 Dec. 02 Open a bank account with SBI 30000 Dec. 04 Purchased goods from Ashu 20000 Dec. 06 Sold goods to Rahul for cash 15000 Dec. 10 Bought goods from Tara for cash 40000 Dec. 13 Sold goods to Suman 20000 Dec. 16 Received cheque from Suman, 19500 Discount allowed 500 Dec. 20 Cheque given to Ashu on account 10000 Dec. 22 Rent paid by cheque 2000 Dec. 23 Deposited into bank 16000 Dec. 25 Machine purchased from Parigya 10000 Dec. 26 Trade expenses 2000 Dec. 28 Cheque issued to Parigya 10000 Dec. 29 Paid telephone expenses by cheque 1200 Dec. 31 Paid salary 4500 2.Journalise the following transactions of M/s Time Zone and post them to the ledger accounts: 2022 Jan. 01 Business started with cash 120000 Jan. 04 Opened a bank account with ICICI 40000 Jan. 05 Goods purchased for cash 12000 Jan. 06 Paid cartage 500 Jan. 07 Goods sold on credit to M/s Lara India 25000

25. Jan. 10 Cash received from M/s Lara India 10000 Jan. 11 Goods returned from Lara India 3000 Jan.12 Paid Trade expenses 700 Jan.14 Goods purchased on credit from Taranum 32000 Jan.17 Cheque received from M/s Lara India for final settlement 11500 and deposited same day into bank Jan. 19 Goods returned to Taranum 1500 Jan.20 Paid for stationery 1200 Jan. 22 Cheque given to Taranum on account 20000 Jan. 24 Paid rent by cheque 4000 Jan. 26 Drew cash for personal use 10000 Jan. 27 Cash sales 12000 Jan. 30 Goods sold to M/s Rupak Traders 11000 3.Enter the following Transactions in the Journal of Mudit: 2022 Feb. 01 Commenced business with cash 175000 Feb. 02 Building 100000 Feb.04 Goods purchased for cash 75000 Feb. 05 Sold goods to Ramesh 30000 Feb. 05 Paid wages 500 Feb.07 Sold goods for cash 10000 Feb. 08 Paid for trade expenses 700 Feb. 09 Cash received from Ramesh, 29500 Discount allowed 500 Feb. 10 Goods purchased for Sudhir 27000 Feb. 15 Cartage paid 1000

26. Feb.17 Drew cash for personal use 5000 Feb. 19 Goods use for house hold 2000 Feb. 20 Cash paid to Sudhir 26700 Discount allowed by him 300 Question. 1 From the following trail balance prepare the final accounts for the year ending 2021-22 PARTICULARS CASH DEBTORS MACHINERY CREDITORS CAPITAL DRAWINGS SALES SALES RETURN OPENING STOCK PURCHASE PUR RETURN WAGES SALARY GENARAL EXP SUNDRY EXP INSURANCE RENT Debit Credit 2050 10000 15000 5500 25000 3000 94000 1000 11000 60000 500 11000 7500 3100 200 350 800 125000 125000 Adjustments: 1.Rent prepaid ₹ 1500 2.General exp paid in Advance ₹ 1500 3.Prepaid Insurance ₹ 50 4.Wages outstanding ₹ 2000 5.Salary outstanding ₹ 500 6.Closing stock ₹ 16500

27. Question. 2 From the following trail balance prepare the final accounts PARTICULARS Cash Debtors Machinery Creditors Capital Drawings Sales Sales Return Opening Stock Purchase Pur Return Wages Salary Building Insurance Rent & Rates Carriage Inward Bad Debt Investment Postage Insurance Interest Commission Provision for bad debt Bank OD Adjustment: Debit Credit 24000 50000 3500 25000 20000 3000 137200 2200 40000 90000 1300 3000 11000 30000 2000 1500 2000 1000 10000 2500 2000 500 3250 750 40000 257000 257000 1)Value Of the stock 31st march 2022 Rs 65000 2)Goods withdraw worth Rs. 800 for his personal use of the proprietor 3)Rs. 400 insurances paid is nothing but advance payment. 4)Salary Rs. 1000 has not yet paid 5)Charge depreciation Building 2% P.m. Machinery 10% p.m. Furniture 15% p.m. 6)Maintain Provision for bad debt @ 5% on sundry debtors.

28. Cash Book Question.1 Enter the following transaction in a simple cash book for Nov 2022 2022 Nov. 1 Cash in hand 30000 Nov. 2 Cash received from Gurmeet 12000 Nov. 5 Insurance paid (Annual Instalment). 6000 Nov.6 Purchased furniture 13800 Nov. 7 Sold goods for cash 28000 Nov.10 Purchased goods from Mudit in cash 17400 Nov. 12 Purchase stationery. 1100 Nov.15 Cash paid to Rukmani in full settlement of account 12500 Nov. 17 Sold goods to Kamal for cash 18200 Nov. 25 Paid monthly rent 2500 Nov. 27 Paid salary 3500 Nov. 30 Deposited in bank 8000 Question 2. Prepare double column cash book from the following transactions for the year December 2005: Cash in hand 17500 Cash at bank 5000 Purchased goods for cash 3000 Received cheque from Jasmeet 10000 Sold goods for cash 7000 Jasmeet's cheque deposited into bank Purchased goods and paid by cheque 20000

29. Paid establishment expenses through bank 1000 Cash sales 7000 Deposited into bank 10000 Paid trade expenses 500 Received commission by cheque 6000 Paid Rent 2000 Withdrew cash for personal use 1200 Salary paid 6000 Question 3. Enter the following transaction in a double column cash book of M/s.Mohit January 2005: Cash in hand 3500 Bank overdraft 2300 Goods purchased for cash 1200 Paid wages 200 Cash sales 8000 Deposited into bank 6000 Sold goods for cheque which was deposited into bank same day 2000 Paid rent by cheque 1200 Drew from bank for personal use 1000 Bought goods by cheque 1000

30. Question 4. Mr. Mohit, the petty cashier of m/s Samaira Traders received Rs. 2000 on May 01 2022 from the Head cashier. For the month details of petty expenses are listed here under: 2022May 2 Auto Fare 55 3 Courier Service 40 4Postal stamps 105 5Erasers/Sharpeners/ Pencils 225 6Speed Post Charges 98 7Taxi Fare 195 8Refreshments 85 9Auto fare 60 10Registered postal charges 42 11Telegram 34 12Cartage 25 13Computer stationery 165 14Bus fare 24 15STD call charges 87 16Office sanitation 60 17Refreshment 45 18Photo stating charges 47 19Courier services. 40 20Unloading charges 40 21Bus Fare 15