Выполнила: Бессчетнова Анна ученица 11 класса Научный руководитель: Скокшина

1. Муниципальное общеобразовательное учреждение Мордовокарайская средняя общеобразовательная школа Романовского районаТема: “Stonehenge” Выполнила: Бессчетнова Анна ученица 11 класса Научный руководитель: Скокшина Юлия Сергеевна, учитель английского языка 2012 год

2. Questions about Stonehenge: • What is it? • Where is Stonehenge located? • When was Stonehenge built? • Who built Stonehenge? • What did Stonehenge consist of? • Where did the stones come from? • How did ancient people use Stonehenge?

3. Stonehenge: What is it? Stonehengeis a prehistoricmonument.One of the most famous sites in the world, Stonehenge is composed of a circular setting of large standing stones set within earthworks. It is at the centre of the most dense complex of Neolithic and Bronze Age monuments in England, including several hundred burial mounds.

4. Stonehenge: Where is it located? Stonehenge is located in the English county of Wiltshire, about 2.0 miles (3.2 km) west of Amesbury and 8 miles (13 km) north of Salisbury

5. Stonehenge: When was it built? Archaeologists believe the stone monument was constructed anywhere from 3000 BC to 2000 BC.Radiocarbon dating in 2008 suggested that the first stones were erected in 2400–2200 BC, whilst another theory suggests that bluestones may have been erected at the site as early as 3000 BC. The surrounding circular earth bank and ditch, which constitute the earliest phase of the monument, have been dated to about 3100 BC.

6. Stonehenge: Who built it? Mostscientists agree on the modern theory that three tribes built Stonehenge at three separate times. In approximately 3000 B.C., it is believe the first people to work on the site were Neolithic agrarians. Archeologists named them the Windmill Hill people after one of their earthworks on Windmill Hill, which is near Stonehenge. The Windmill Hill peoples built large circular furrows, or hill-top enclosures, dug around a mound and had collective burials in large stone-encased tombs. Most of their burial mounds point east-west. These people were one of the first semi-nomadic hunting and gathering groups with an agricultural economy and contained a strong reverence for circles and symmetry.

7. Stonehenge: Who built it? The second group – The Beaker people - is thought to have originated in Spain, migrating northwards and colonizing north-west Europe. Their name comes from their ancient traditions in which they would bury beakers, or pottery drinking cups, with their dead.Scientists believe they were sun worshipers who aligned Stonehenge more exactly with certain important sun events, such as mid summer and winter solstices.

8. Stonehenge: Who built it? The Wessex People are considered the third and final group to work on the Stonehenge site. They arrived around 1500 B.C. at the height of the Bronze Age. They were among the most advanced cultures outside the Mediterranean during this period. These people are thought to have been responsible for the bronze dagger carving found on one of the large sarsen stones within Stonehenge.

9. Stonehenge: What did it consist of? • A circular earthwork, 300 feet in diameter. • An avenue bounded by earthworks approaching it on the north-east • One large unworked Sarsen Stone, called the “Hele Stone” or “Friar’s Heel”. • A recumbent slab within the earthwork called “Slaughtering Stone” • Two small unhewn Sarsens lying north-west and south-east of the Circle of Stones. • A ring of hewn Sarsen stones with “imposts” or lintels mortised to them. The lintels are fitted together with toggle joints. Sixteen out of the original thirty uprights of these “Trilithones” are now standing.

10. Stonehenge: What did it consist of? • The diameter of this circle is about 108 feet, or that of the dome of St. Paul’s Cathedral in London. • A ring of less perfectly hewn “Foreign Stones” (i.e. stones not to be found in Wiltshire at the present day) • These numbered between thirty and forty. Only seven are standing today, nine are overthrown.

11. Stonehenge: What did it consist of? • Five great Trilithons, arranged in a horseshoe, with the opening to the north-east. These Trilithons rise gradually in height towards the south-west. The largest group of stones fell A.D. 1620. Those next to the great Trilithon on the north-west, fell on January 3rd, 1797. • Today only two of the Inner Trilithons are standing. One upright of the great Trilithon (raised and made secure in 1901) is erect. • A horseshoe of less perfectly hewn Foreign Stones. Originally there were fifteen or more of these monolits averaging eight feet high. • A simple recumbent slab of micaceous sandstone called the “Alter Stone”.

12. Stonehenge: Where did the stones come from?

13. Stonehenge: How did ancient people use it? It is not definitively known what Stonehenge was used for. Some believe it was used for sacrifices, and others say that it was for non-sacrificial rituals involving star counting and/or the predicting of various astronomical phenomena such as eclipses. More recent ideas are moving away from the idea that Stonehenge had complex “astronomical” functions. However it was certainly set up in respect of the Midwinter Solstice.

14. Список использованных источников: • http://img15.nnm.ru/b/3/1/f/9/0658565356d6b0f08a6d0a4f902.jpg • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stonehenge • http://images.nationalgeographic.com/wpf/media-live/photos/000/238/cache/new-henge-stonehenge-map_23873_600x450.jpg • http://www.tiron.gm-clan.ru/netcat_files/Sites/id149/fck/Image/90798_2.jpg • http://www.aboutstonehenge.info/index.php?pg=who-built-stonehenge • http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/stonehenge/stonehenge.php • http://forums.civ.org.pl/misc.php?action=downloadfile&FileID=2611 • http://www.activemind.com/Mysterious/Topics/Stonehenge/TY_Intro.html • http://kometa-vozmezdie.ru/images/stories/KV/image035.png • http://altzar.org/2012/Images/stonehenge_map.jpeg • http://newagecave.com/apjpics/stonehenge3.jpg • http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_was_Stonehenge_used_for • http://bristol.indymedia.org/attachments/may2006/stonepagesstonehenge1024.jpg • http://moltat.ru/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/4_1.jpg