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Progressive Movement

Progressive Movement. As defined by The Americans – “aimed to return control of the government to the people, restore economic opportunities, and correct injustices in American life.” Discussion: return control of government to people : restore…: correct imbalances.

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Progressive Movement

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  1. Progressive Movement • As defined by The Americans – “aimed to return control of the government to the people, restore economic opportunities, and correct injustices in American life.” • Discussion: return control of government to people : restore…: correct imbalances. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8yMPG6a2GQ&feature=related

  2. CamellaTeoli http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/61/

  3. Lawrence, Massachusetts Strike • How to Resolve the 1912 Strike • In 1912, the Massachusetts state legislature passed a law ordering mills to reduce the workweek to 54 hours. In the textile mills in Lawrence, Massachusetts, the average workweek was 56 hours. Mill owners decided to reduce the workweek by two hours and to reduce workers’ pay by two hours. They also sped up the machinery in the textile mills in order to create the same amount of fabric in a shorter amount of time. On Friday, January 12, 1912, a group of workers yelled, “Short pay! All out! All out!” and the strike began. Over 30,000 textile mill workers walked out of the mills and joined the strike. • CHOICES • The owners could give in to worker’s demands. • BUT… • The owners would lose profits and possibly go out of business, and shareholders will be upset. • The workers could accept the pay cut and speed up and go back to work. • BUT… • The workers would be working harder for less pay. • The owners and workers could find a compromise that would give something to each side. • BUT… • Neither side would be completely happy. • What would your group do?

  4. Four Goals of Progressive Movement • Protecting Social Welfare • Promoting Moral Improvement • Creating Economic Reform • Fostering Efficiency

  5. Protecting Social Welfare • Social Gospel – help the poor…community centers…churches and social services • YMCA – classes and physical activities • Salvation Army – “slum brigades” • Florence Kelley- 1859 – 1932 • Illinois Factory Act of 1893 – prohibited child labor – cut back working hours for women. • Muller v. Oregon 1908

  6. Muller v. Oregon 1908 • “That woman's physical structure and the performance of maternal functions place her at a disadvantage in the struggle for subsistence is obvious. This is especially true when the burdens of motherhood are upon her. Even when they are not, by abundant testimony of the medical fraternity continuance for a long time on her feet at work, repeating this from day to day, tends to injurious effects upon the body, and as healthy mothers are essential to vigorous offspring, the physical well-being of woman becomes an object of public interest and care in order to preserve the strength and vigor of the race." 208 U.S. at 412. • Justice David Josiah Brewer’s statement.

  7. Effects of Muller Decision • Feminists were not happy – reinforced stereotypes on gender roles and limited financial independence of women. • Treated women as children. • “The test for whether or not you can hold a job should not be the arrangement of your chromosomes.” ~Bella Abzug

  8. “We can do it”

  9. Promoting Moral Improvement – Where do we get our moral Talking point

  10. Prohibition • Women’s Christian Temperance Union - 1874 • Francis Willard – raised awareness and membership to become largest women’s group in history…245,000 members by 1911. • WCTU – opened kindergartens, visited in prisons and asylums, pushed for women’s suffrage. • What reasons did WCTU give for advocating a ban on alcohol?

  11. Prohibition • Anti- Saloon League – founded 1895 • Worked to pass laws vs. “demon rum” • Statewide referendums?? • Many states in South and West become ‘dry’ • Remember…most women did not work…so what does this have to do with Prohibition Movement???

  12. Economic Reform • The Panic of 1893 • In the last days of the Harrison administration, the Reading Railroad, a major eastern line, went into receivership. That collapse was soon magnified by the failures of hundreds of banks and businesses dependent upon the Reading and other railroads. The stock market reacted with a dramatic plunge. Fearing further collapse, European investors pulled their funds from the United States, but depression soon gripped the other side of the Atlantic as well. An ongoing agricultural depression in the West and South deepened, spreading the misery to those regions. • Although thousands of businesses were ruined and more than four million were left unemployed, Cleveland did little. He believed, like most people of both major parties, that the business cycle was a natural occurrence and should not be tampered with by politicians. • Define: receivership

  13. Panic of 1893 • Because of Panic of 1893 a number of Americans began to question capitalism!! Some embraced socialism. Does this sound familiar?? How about the recession of 2008?? • Any parallels?? • Big business and government: Where might corruption begin?? • Most progressives did not support socialism…true today???

  14. Eugene V. Debs • Union Organizer • Founder of Socialist Party • Ran for President as Socialist 1900-1904-1908-1912-1920 • Read quote on page 514. Does this apply today??

  15. Muckrakers • Exposed the dangers and corruption of industrial life to the public in magazines and publications • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hVNE0gc2MyY&feature=related

  16. Raking Muck

  17. Fostering Efficiency • Use science to make the workplace and society more efficient. • Louis D. Brandeis – “Brandeis brief” • Louis Brandeis’s brief in Muller v. Oregon, 208 U.S. 412 (1908), is famous for being the first so-called “Brandeis brief” — a legal brief heavily based on social science data.

  18. Sojourner Truth • That man over there says that women need to be helped into carriages, and lifted over ditches, and to have the best place everywhere. Nobody ever helps me into carriages, or over mud-puddles, or gives me any best place! And ain’t I a woman? Look at me! Look at my arm! I have ploughed and planted, and gathered into barns, and no man could head me! And ain’t I a woman? I could work as much and eat as much as a man — when I could get it — and bear the lash as well! And ain’t I a woman?

  19. Taylorism • Named for Frederick Winslow Taylor 1856-1915 – father of scientific management. • He would analyze work and looked for the “One Best Way”. He did time and motion studies Did a famous study on the shovel and found the most effective load was 21 ½ pounds. He designed a shovel to handle that load with modifications for different substances. For workers who were paid for amount of shoveling he came up with efficiency methods.

  20. Taylorism • Broke tasks into smaller parts – le to the assembly line…but not all could keep up!! • See Lucy • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uztA6JCKB4s • Why did this cause high worker turnover even when Henry Ford offered an eight hour day and $5/day??

  21. Cleaning Up Government • Headed by party bossed who corrupted the system with bribes and kickbacks. Reform was motivated by a desire to be more efficient and meet the citizens needs. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4NGOvMg3zCk

  22. City Management Reform • Natural disasters played a big part in city management reform. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZX88xLJVfpI • Relief and rebuilding efforts did not work. A five member commission of experts took over. Each headed a city department. Galveston was rebuilt and this led to a city commission form of government. By 1917 500 cities adopted this form.

  23. Dayton, Ohio Flood 1913 • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fZ8wYCwgapc • This brought about the council-manager form of government. • People elect a city council • Council appoints a manager who runs the city’s departments. • 1925 – 250 of this form.

  24. Reform Mayors • Hazen Pingree…Detroit 1890-97 • Fair taxes, lowered fares on public transportation, rooted out corruption, relief for unemployed who built schools and parks. • Tom Johnson…Cleveland 1901-1909 – converted utilities to publically run businesses. Held town meetings so citizens could talk to city officials. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rytLJWaJff8&feature=fvst

  25. State Reform • Governor Robert M. La Follette – 3 terms then joined Senate in 1906 – mainly went after railroads by setting up commission to regulate rates and stopped free passes to state officials. Ran for president for Progressive Party in 1924.

  26. Child Labor • Why hire children?? • What were health problems for children? • What did the National Child Labor Committee do? • The Keating-Owen Act of 1916 put an end to the transportation of goods across state lines if produced with child labor.

  27. Limiting Working Hours • Muller v. Oregon 1908 – limited work day for women to ten hours. • Bunting v. Oregon 1917 – the Court upheld a 10 hour workday for men. • What is workers’ compensation? Started with Maryland 1902…hurt or killed!!

  28. Reforming Elections • Australian ballot…it’s a secret. • Card check • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=45yi7PMYMPY • Initiative – a bill originated by people other than lawmakers – put on ballot if a certain number of citizens sign a petition. • A vote on the initiative is called referendum

  29. Reforming Elections • Recall – allowed voters to force an new election to remove a public official from office before their term expires. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqrZw4CKxY0&feature=fvst • Direct Election of Senators – 17th Amendment 1913 • Why the 17th Amendment?? Accountability??

  30. C-17 Section 3 • Make Roosevelt McKinley's VP…Why? • A heartbeat away or six months into McKinley’s second term. • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H83vDUBiQ-I • 1858 – wealthy family – asthma – overcome by exercise

  31. Spanish-American War 1898 • http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=E3E409A2-501F-41DC-BED3-D163014C18F8&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US • The Rough Riders

  32. Teddy Roosevelt • Harvard graduate • 3 terms NY state assembly • Police commissioner • Assistant Sec. of Navy • Spanish – American War – Rough Riders • http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=7DA2279F-A121-44F4-8D35-AAB251D65CF3

  33. Teddy Roosevelt • ‘federal responsibility for national welfare’ • ‘assume control when states cannot’ • “do whatever the needs of the people demand”…unless prohibited by Constitution • Saw presidency as a ‘bully pulpit’

  34. Teddy Roosevelt and Howard Taft • http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=D4225643-5F57-404A-AC84-D585BE326E84&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

  35. Square Deal • “ A simple and poor society can exist as a democracy on the basis of sheer individualism, but a rich and complex industrial society cannot so exist” • Progressive era equals an activist president who wants federal authority intervention in domestic affairs. • Is this want we want and how much do we want???

  36. Trustbusting • Trusts- 4/5ths • Standard Oil • Lower prices • Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890 • Northern Securities Company • Could not slow the mergers

  37. 1902 Coal Srike • What did the miners want? • What caused Roosevelt to intervene? • Do you think he should have? • Was his action Constitutional? • What precedent did this establish? • Modern day examples?

  38. Regulation of the Railroads • Interstate Commerce Act • Elkins Act 1903 • Hepburn Act of 1906 • What did this legislation do collectively?

  39. Health • Meat Inspection Act • Pure Food and Drug Act • http://www.encyclopedia.com/video/pfbakUUgHUI-hundred-year-lie-part-1the.aspxhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xc-9Q8iQPKY&feature=related

  40. Conservation • List some of the problems • John Muir • 148 million acres • 1.5 million acres of water sires • Additional 80 million acres • 50 wildlife sanctuaries and a number of national parks • Newlands Act

  41. Civil Rights • Contrast Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois. • NAACP

  42. The Jungle • http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=931EA6FB-68BF-4CEF-A455-AA470AEC91FA&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US

  43. More on the Muckrakers • Read page 532 – 533 • Are investigative reporters as needed now as they were in the late 19th century? • What scandals have investigative reporters uncovered recently?

  44. Gifford Pinchot • Head of U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt • ‘middle ground’ • Scientific management of land with private development • Developers want it all – apply pressure • Fired by Taft??

  45. Taft and Progressivism • 1908 Election – “Vote for Taft this time, You can vote for Bryan any time” • 90 trusts busted • First problem – conservation and tariffs • Lower or raise taxes on imports?? • Protect U.S. products?? • Payne-Aldrich Tariff

  46. Taft • Richard A. Ballinger – 1 million acres removed • Pinchot fired • What are the pros and cons of each position?

  47. Republican Split • Two wings – progressives and conservatives • Joe Cannon – House Speaker – ignored seniority on committees – progressive bills ignored – along with Dems he lost chairmanship of Committee on Rules – decides when bills will come to floor

  48. Mid-Term Election of 1910 • GOP split – progressives vs. conservatives • High cost of living blamed on Patne-Aldrich Tariff • Voters believed Taft was against conservation • Democrats win control of House 1st time in 18 years.

  49. Election of 1912 • Roosevelt runs as 3rd party candidate – Bull Moose Party – platform • Direct election of senators • Recall, initiative, referendum for all states • Women’s suffrage, minimum wage for women • Eight hour workday • Federal law vs. child labor • FTC to regulate business

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