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New and Converging Technologies

New and Converging Technologies. New and Traditional Media C oming T ogether. Dr Marianne Hicks. Print – Newspapers, Magazines, Books, etc. Audio - Radio Audio-visual – Television, Cinema. One-way – encoding-decoding model Educational Ideal Representative, Discursive or Advocacy?

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New and Converging Technologies

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  1. New and Converging Technologies New and Traditional Media Coming Together. Dr Marianne Hicks

  2. Print – Newspapers, Magazines, Books, etc. • Audio - Radio • Audio-visual – Television, Cinema. • One-way – encoding-decoding model • Educational Ideal • Representative, Discursive or Advocacy? • Fourth Estate

  3. “Burke said there were Three Estates in Parliament; but, in the Reporters' Gallery yonder, there sat a Fourth Estate more important than them all. It is not a figure of speech, or a witty saying; it is a literal fact, .... Printing, which comes necessarily out of Writing, I say often, is equivalent to Democracy: invent Writing, Democracy is inevitable. ..... Whoever can speak, speaking now to the whole nation, becomes a power, a branch of government, with inalienable weight in law-making, in all acts of authority. It matters not what rank he has, what revenues or garnitures: the requisite thing is that he have a tongue which others will listen to; this and nothing more is requisite.” Thomas Carlyle “The Hero as Man of Letters. Johnson, Rousseau, Burns [Lecture V, May 19, 1840]”, On Heroes and Hero Worship and the Heroic in History available in Project Gutenberg [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext97/heros10.txt] Accessed 25 February 2008.

  4. New Media = Digital Media • Information and Communication Technology • Internet • Social Networking Software • YouTube • iTunes, MySpace • LAN and gaming environments • Web 2.0 • Mobile Phones • Satellite TV

  5. New Media = • Convergence • Participation (Participatory Culture) • Production + Consumption = Prosumer • Concentration & Dispersion

  6. “The fragmentation and proliferation of media, and the consolidation of media ownership – soon to be followed by a wholesale unbundling. The erosion of mass markets. The empowerment of consumers who now have an unrivaled ability to edit and avoid advertising... A consumer trend toward mass customization and personalization.” Steven J. Heyer, President, Coca-Cola, quoted in Henry Jenkins, Convergence Culture, 2006, 68.

  7. History of the Internet • 1965 – the first networked computers – two of them, and they constantly crashed. • 1969 – ARPANET - Advanced Research Projects Agency Network – text based – funded by the US Military. • 1974 – The term ‘internet’ was first used. • 1980s – An increasing number of networked computers worldwide and first ISPs (Internet Service Providers) emerge for the commercialisation of the web. • 1990s – The internet emerges as a space for commercial activities.

  8. Convergence “… technological, industrial, cultural and social changes in the way media circulates within our culture. Some common ideas referenced by the term include the flow of content across multiple platforms, the cooperation between multiple media industries, the search for new structures of media financing … and the migratory behavior of audiences who would go almost anywhere in search of the kind of entertainment experiences they want. Perhaps most broadly, media convergence refers to a situation in which multiple media systems coexist and where media content flows fluidly across them. Convergence is … an ongoing process … and not a fixed relationship.” Henry Jenkins, Convergence Culture, 2006, 282.

  9. Convergence = one screen “The current platforms: television, radio, newspapers, can all converge on screen with broadband on the net. And we're looking towards perhaps having one screen which can do everything. I know people have talked forever about convergence, about having screens all around your house and you can operate them, you'll call up your television and your radio, which by the way I already do in Britain on one screen, but next you'll also have the internet on that screen too. I think that's where we're heading; I think you'll get everything, virtually everything, through the net.” Roy Greenslade on ‘The Media Report’, Radio National, http://www.abc.net.au/rn/mediareport/stories/2008/2236747.htm

  10. Traditional media (newspaper, radio and television corporations) meet new media (online news sites, with multimedia – words, images, sound bites and video)

  11. Web 1.0   --> Web 2.0 DoubleClick --> Google AdSense Ofoto --> Flickr Akamai --> BitTorrent mp3.com --> Napster Britannica Online --> Wikipedia personal websites --> blogging evite --> upcoming.org and Eventful domain name speculation --> search engine optimization page views --> cost per click screen scraping --> web services publishing --> participation content management systems --> wikis directories (taxonomy) --> tagging ("folksonomy") stickiness --> syndication (RSS)

  12. How new media is used to create change in society: • Monitoring: • Online identity (your boss and Facebook) • Societal changes: • Digital divide (distance between the ‘haves’ and have nots’) • Access to information (full participation) • Collective intelligence: • Wikis • Identity construction: • Social Networking Software(Facebook & MySpace etc)

  13. ... technology is always, in the full sense, social. It is necessarily in complex and variable connection with other social relations and institutions, although a particular and isolated technological intervention can be see, and temporarily interpreted, as if it were autonomous. R. Williams, Contact: Human Communication and Its History. Thames and Hudson, 1981, 227.

  14. Uses of New Media in the West: • Challenge to traditional news media corporations (citizen journalism & Blogosphere) • Challenge to traditional entertainment corporations (BitTorrent, Napster & piracy) • Reducing the ‘tyranny of distance’ (Skype, Twitter) • Access to information (Google & Wikipedia) • Building online communities (Facebook & MMORPGs) www.gapingvoid.com

  15. Uses of New Media in Africa: • Building online communities (Facebook, MMORPGs) • Cell Phone Banking (Wizzit) • Open Source Software (Linux Ubuntu) • Cell Phone Text Messaging (Getting news out - Zimbabwe) • Sharing information (Freedom Toaster, Creative Commons) • Building offline communties (Township TV, Digital Doorway) It’s less a question of ‘catching up’ than one of using our context to shape our uses of the new media to which we have access. It’s about adaptation.

  16. Fractals Not an add-on – a paradigm shift

  17. Using New Media in the Classroom: • New Media to access Traditional Media: • Newspapers online (SAMedia; SAPA; U.S. national newspaper abstracts) • Internet Radio (both online and traditional radio broadcasts; podcasts) • Online TV (SABC News; video podcasts; other databases) • How else?

  18. New Media to access New Media: Internet, Cell phones, alternative infrastructure (Digital doorway, Township TV) Outcomes: • Lowering the threshold to civic engagement • Creating Global Citizens • Ethical and Responsible Participation • Create the critical capacity to understand the way in which media shapes perceptions of the world

  19. Core social skills for Media Education • Play – the capacity to experiment with your surroundings as a form of problem-solving • Performance – the ability to adopt alternative identities for the purpose of improvisation • Simulation – the ability to interpret and construct dynamic models of real world processes • Appropriation – the ability to meaningfully sample and remix media content • Multitasking – the ability to scan one’s environment and shift focus as needed to salient details • Distributed Cognition – the ability to interact meaningfully with tools that expand mental capacities

  20. Collective Intelligence – the ability to pool knowledge and compare notes with others toward a common goal • Judgment – the ability to evaluate the reliability and credibility of different information sources • Transmedia navigation – the ability to follow the flow of stories and information across multiple modalities • Networking – the ability to search for, synthesize and disseminate information • Negotiation – the ability to travel across diverse communities, discerning and respecting multiple perspectives, and grasping and following alternative norms. From Henry Jenkins, "Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture”, 56.

  21. Activities? • Creating wikis • Recognising each other’s knowledge • Group Ownership and vandalism • Using hyperlinks to connect ideas • Collective intelligence • Creating class and individual blogs • Individual Ownership and plagiarism • Interaction • Clarity of expression • Play as a means of learning (gaming) • Communication, self-confidence, problem solving, logical thinking, lateral thinking etc. • Media Literacy and critical understanding • Being critical of ‘professional’ looking sites • Cell-phone access • Adapting our material for their platform (libraries and coursework) • How else?

  22. Using the ideas of New Media offline: • Applying Web 2.0 • Collective intelligence and the Wiki model. • We all have some knowledge to contribute, we all share in the knowledge produced collectively. • Participatory Culture • We learn more if we are involved in the making and doing. • Prosumers – those who both produce and consume cultural artifacts. • How else?

  23. “Youth do their best work when engaged in activities that are personally meaningful to them” – Jenkins, "Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture”, 59. • How do we teach youth to evaluate and appraise their own work and actions? • How do we help them to situate media (produced by them and others) within the larger social, cultural and legal context? • Connectivity will expand and get cheaper. • We need to prepare our students for a world where connectivity is increasingly the norm, not the exception. • Participation is key.

  24. Activities • Creating a wiki on ‘Wikipedia’ • Use the tools for Media Education to construct a wiki on the website ‘Wikipedia’. • Where do we go to find out about Wikipedia? • What is it? Who is it for? Is it a useful source for education? What level? In what capacity? • What are some of the problems with Wikipedia? Authorship? Reliability? Vandalism?

  25. Sources Carlyle , Thomas , “The Hero as Man of Letters. Johnson, Rousseau, Burns [Lecture V, May 19, 1840]”, On Heroes and Hero Worship and the Heroic in History available in Project Gutenberg [http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/etext97/heros10.txt] Accessed 25 February 2008. Eglash, Ron, African Fractals in Buildings and Braids, TEDtalks, Available: http://www.ted.com/talks/ron_eglash_on_african_fractals.html Accessed: 29 Oct. 2009. Eglash, Ron, and Toluwalogo B. Odumosu. "Fractals, Complexity, and Connectivity in Africa." In What Mathematics from Africa?, edited by G. Sica, 101-09. Monza: Polimetrica International Scientific Publisher, 2005. Greenslade, Roy, on ‘The Media Report’, Radio National, http://www.abc.net.au/rn/mediareport/stories/2008/2236747.htm Jenkins, Henry, Katie Clinton, Ravi Purushotma, Alice J. Robinson, and Margaret Weigel. "Confronting the Challenges of Participatory Culture: Media Education for the 21st Century." The John D. and Catherine T. McArthur Foundation. Available: http://newmedialiteracies.org/files/working/NMLWhitePaper.pdf Accessed: 29 Oct. 2009. Jenkins, Henry. Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide: NYU Press, 2006. Williams, R., Contact: Human Communication and Its History. Thames and Hudson, 1981.

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