Hawaiian Pidgin

1. Hawaiian Pidgin by Kepakiano & Kuliano

2. Polynesia - 700 A.D. United States - 1820 China - 1852 Japan - 1868 Portugal - 1878 Puerto Rico - 1900 Korea - 1903 Philippines - 1906 CulturalHistoryHawaii's multi-cultural society has had major immigration from:

3. Economy • Hawaii's cost of living is one of America's highest, its per capita personal income below average. • Hawaii's cost of living for a family of four is estimated to be approximately 27% higher than the U.S. average for a comparable standard of living. • In 1999, Hawaii's average per capita personal income of $27,544 was 3.5% below the U.S. average - the price of living in Paradise!

4. Economy Hawaii's major sources of annual income include: • Tourism - $10.3 billion (1999) • Federal Defense Spending - $4.2 billion(1999) • Sugar - $133.1 million (1998) • Pineapple - $145.1 million (1998 )

5. Population • Hawaii's population of about 1.2 million breaks down roughly as follows: (1999) • Caucasian - 250,742 (22%)    • Japanese - 219,855 (19%) • Filipino - 145,248 (13%)   • Chinese - 44,787 (4%)    • Black - 10,455 (1%)    • Koreans - 11,737 (1%)    • Samoan/Tongan - 13,693 (1%) • Mixed (except Hawaiian) - 232,281 (20%) • Hawaiian/Part Hawaiian - 223,193 (19%)

6. Language English As one of the two official languages, English is the language commonly employed by the state, business, education, and perhaps even the mind.

7. Hawaiian • Hawaiian remains the language of the heart and soul. • Hawaiian is a Polynesian language spoken throughout the inhabited Hawaiian Islands. • In the nineteenth century it became a written language and was the language of the Hawaiian government and the people. With the subjugation of Hawaii under the rule of the United States in 1898, Hawaiian was supplanted and English became the official language.

8. The Hawaiian language consist only of 12 letters: a, e, i, o, u, h, k, l, m, n, p, w, the okina ( ‘ ) that can be compared to the glottal stop and the kahakô which is like an English long vowel • All letters are pronounced (sound of vowels is similar to spanish pronunciation)

9. Pidgin • A reflection of Hawaii's ethnic mix created by Hawaii's immigrants as a simplified language for communication between peoples speaking different languages. (shipping, trades ..etc.) • With the establishment of sugar plantations thousands of laborours from many different countries came to Hawaii (China, Portugal, Japan, Korea, Puerto Rico, Russia, Spain, the Philippines and other countries)

10. In the 1870's immigrant families began to arrive and more children were born on the plantations. Children learned their parents' languages and picked up English at school. The kind of English they spoke on the playground was influenced by the Pidgin English earlier brought to Hawaii, by the Hawaiian spoken by their parents, and by their own first languages, especially Portuguese

11. Creole • When children start learning a pidgin as their first language and it becomes the mother tongue of a community, it is called a creole. This was the beginning of Hawaii Creole English. By the 1920's, it was the language of the majority of Hawaii's population. Today, Pidgin has evolved into becoming the unofficial language of Hawaii

12. Pronunciation • Consonants: • p, k, h, l, m, n: same as in English • w: 1) after i and e like V 2) after o and u like W 3) after a and initially like either W or V • ‘ : GLOTTAL STOP  similar to stop in English

13. Pronunciation • Vowels • Unstressed • A like in above • E like in bet • I like in city • O like in sole • U like in moon

14. Pronunciation • Vowels • Stressed • A, á like in far • É like in play • i, í like in see • Ó like in bowl • ú like moon

15. Pronunciation • Diphthongs • ei, eu, oi, ou, ai, ae, ao, au • these are always stressed on the first letter, but the two are not as closely joined as in English.

16. Grammar • Articles (the) • Ka :definite article ("the") before words that start with most consonants except K and vowels other than E, A, and O. • ka wahine: the woman • ka hale: the house

17. Grammar • Articles (the) • Ke: definite article ("the") before words that start with the vowels E, A, and O and before the consonant K (and some other special case words). • Ke kane: the man • Ke keiki: the child • Ke aloha: “love”

18. Grammar • Articles (the) • Na: plurality particle • Na kane: the men • Na keiki: the children • Na wahine: the women • Na hale: the houses

19. Grammar • Articles (a or an) • He: indefinite article • He kane: a man • He keiki:a child • He wahine: a women • He hale: a houses

20. Grammar • Possessives • There are two ways of indicating possession • the a  <noun> / ka  <pronoun> form indicating control or possession (acquired), and • the o  <noun> / ko  <pronoun> form indicating a more passive (inherited, spatial) relationship.

21. Grammar • Pronouns • difference between the plural and the dual case • indicates whether the speaker is included in the topic or not (which allows speaker and respondent to be quite specific about inter-personnal relationships)

23. Grammar • Prepositions • a'e: upward, toward • aku: away from the speaker • e: imperative or exhortation • iho: down • Ma: at, in, on, beside • mai: towards speaker • no: because of

24. An den? and then? So?Any kine: any kind.Ass right: that's right.Bo da dem: both of them.Braddah: brother.Brah: friend, buddy.Brok da mout: tastes delicious.Bummahs: bummer, too bad.Da kine: anything to which you are referring.Grind: eat.Grinds: food.How you figga? what do you think?Howzit? how are you doing?K den: OK, agreed.Kaukau: food or chow. Lesgo: let's go.Lolo: dummy, stupid.Mo bettah: much better.Moke: large local tough guy.No can: cannot, not possible.Ono: tasty.Onoliscious: very tasty, delicious!Pau hana: finished work for the day.Slippah: thongs, slippers.Stink eye: mean or dirty look.Talk stink: speaking badly about someone.Talk story: rap; chew the fat, chat.Tanks: thanks.To da max: all the way; most you can get. Common Pidgin