Criminal Justice

1. Criminal Justice Chapter 1: HISTORY AND OVERVIEW Intro to Security,Instructor Name • Date, Semester

2. Context for Security Theoretical Foundation: Societies were slow to develop protection for their individuals and groups. As societies became more complex, behavioral rules and written laws were developed. Eventually, private and public security “systems” were created.

3. Context for Security (cont.) First, individuals choose pleasure over pain. Second, individuals commit crime when conditions promote suitable targets. Third, the opportunity for crime can be reduced. Fourth, human activities and natural phenomena create situations through which great harm may occur.

4. Defining Security’s Role Security services are sophisticated and complex. Security is a concept in search of a definition. As an occupation, security management is multifaceted and interdisciplinary.

5. Defining Security’s Role (cont.) Contemporary security operations focus on: Fraud Disaster recovery and business continuity Energy management Fire prevention and protection Internet and information protection Pre-employment screening

6. Defining Security’s Role (cont.) Contemporary security operations focus on: Executive protection Counterterrorism Business intelligence Environmental safety and crime Substance abuse Workplace violence prevention

7. Defining Security’s Role (cont.) Security is involved and interacts with every aspect of personal, organizational, and group life.

8. Security’s Impact Security involves government, nonprofit and for-profit institutions. In an organizational sense, security is a function and responsibility that is woven increasingly throughout the operation of all public agencies and private institutions.

9. Security’s Impact (cont.) Security may be defined as a public or private service-related activity that provides personnel and equipment and creates policies and procedures designed to prevent or reduce losses caused by criminal action as well as by non-criminal events resulting from human error, emergencies, human-caused and natural disasters, and business intelligence collection by competitors.

10. Security’s Impact (cont.) Ultimately, the goals of security promote a safe and secure environment and prevent loss. If an organization has a security problem, it has a management problem.

11. Security’s Impact (cont.) As the crime rate in the United States increased during the mid-twentieth century and law enforcement resources became increasingly strained, the security profession grew at an extremely rapid rate.

12. Security’s Impact (cont.) In 1970, the number of security personnel in the United States, approximately 500,000, was about the same as the number of public police officers. By 1991, the number of police officers increased to 580,000, while security personnel increased to 1.5 million.

13. Security’s Impact (cont.) By the year 2000, the number of police officers increased to nearly 600,000 and security personnel numbered approximately 2 million. Security services are the primary protective service in the United States.

14. Contemporary Security Environment The security environment depends on: Enterprise’s mission Enterprise’s culture Organizational ethics Private justice systems

15. Contemporary Security Environment (cont.) Security environment depends on: Relationship between security and public safety personnel Relationship between security personnel and the organization being protected Protection of proprietary information

16. Security: A Brief History Ancient Traditions: Protection of persons and property was the responsibility of individuals, clans or tribes. In 2100 B.C., the Code of Hammurabi (located in present-day Iraq) represented the first written law. In 1500 B.C., Egypt created a judicial system.

17. Security: A Brief History (cont.) English Common Law: In 1066 A.D., England developed a system of county (shire) government; the King appointed a law officer (reeve) to act as the magistrate for each county. Decisions by the magistrates (judges) became binding as precedent for future cases, thus establishing English Common Law.

18. Security: A Brief History (cont.) In the late 1600s and early 1700s, villages became cities and crime increased as the Industrial Revolution dramatically transformed economic and social conditions.

19. American Experience The criminal justice system in the United States developed primarily from the English common law structure. The development of a formalized police service was slow.

20. American Experience (cont.) London, England, is credited with the first full-time paid public police department in the world. Largely as the result of the efforts of Sir Robert (Bobbie) Peel, the Metropolitan Police Act was passed by British Parliament on Sept. 9, 1829.

21. American Experience (cont.) Security services in the United States grew rapidly to fill the void created by the limitations of public law enforcement.

22. American Experience (cont.) In 1850, Henry Wells and William Fargo established two cargo companies. American Express operated east of Missouri and Wells Fargo operated west of the Missouri River. In 1851, Allan Pinkerton established the first national private security and investigations company.

23. American Experience (cont.) Between 1929 and 1939, private security employment declined as a result of the Great Depression. Between 1940 and 1945 (World War II), the use of private security increased. In 1955, a group of security professionals formed the American Society for Industrial Security (ASIS).

24. American Experience (cont.) The President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice issued its report in 1967. In response, Congress enacted the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act in 1968.

25. LEAA and LEEP The 1968 Act established the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (LEAA), which set aside funds for the Law Enforcement Education Program (LEEP). No funds were set aside for training security personnel.

26. National Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals The National Commission on Criminal Justice Standards and Goals was formed in response to the increasing crime rate between 1968 and the early 1970s. 1976 – one of the Commission’s last reports, the Task Force Report on Private Security, was published, recognizing private security as an essential ingredient to public safety.

27. Private Police and Public Law Enforcement Private and public sectors can assist each other. Many public police services are likely to be privatized. Security’s authority is quite distinct from that of public law enforcement.

28. Private Police and Public Law Enforcement (cont.) National (federal) law enforcement agencies: Have broad territorial jurisdiction Narrow subject-matter jurisdiction

29. Private Police and Public Law Enforcement (cont.) Most public policing in the United States is not a national function. It is the responsibility of state, county and local governments, which have very narrow territorial jurisdiction and broad subject-matter jurisdiction.

30. Private Police and Public Law Enforcement (cont.) State agencies include the state police and highway patrol. The chief law enforcement officer in a county is the sheriff.

31. Private Police and Public Law Enforcement (cont.) Local, or municipal, police departments provide police service to villages, towns, and cities. Other law enforcement agencies are created for special or limited purposes.

32. Private Police and Public Law Enforcement (cont.) A growing trend toward private/public interdependence is demonstrated by cooperative relationships between and among: Private security organizations Government agencies Public law enforcement

33. Security: Essential Functions Physical security Personnel security Information security Technical security Operations security

34. Security Organizations Contract Security Services Proprietary Security Hybrid Security Organization Virtual Security Organization

35. Roles of the Security Manager Responsibilities: Managerial Administrative Preventive Investigative

36. Security Officer/Manager The security officer is not a police officer. The language of the security manager is the language of business.

37. Regulation of the Security Industry Although uniform minimum standards are lacking, approximately three-fourths of the states have some form of legislation that regulates and licenses security personnel and organizations. Training requirements also vary.

38. Professional Certification and Education Programs ASIS-Certified Protection Professional (CPP) Loss Prevention Foundation certification program Education as well as certification programs are important ingredients to professionalism.