Concepts Agricultural Censuses

1. Concepts Agricultural Censuses

2. Enumeration Units Agriculture Census Population Census Household Agricultural Holding (divided into parcels and plots) Holder Farm Household Non Household Corporations Gov’t Enterprise • Various relationships • 1 household to holding • 1household manages more than 1 holding • More than one household manages 1 holding

3. What is agriculture? • Agriculture starts with mapping to ISIC classification of agriculture • Crops, livestock and aquaculture • Agriculture census also includes fisheries as an important activity • Global Strategy – broader view of agriculture • Broad definition of agriculture • e.g. crop production, fisheries, forestry, food security

4. Household Concept • Household makes common provision for food and other living essentials (WCA 2010) • May be a one person household or a multi-person household • A household may live in the same dwelling or multiple dwelling units • Multiple households may share a dwelling unit • Examples: students sharing a house; extended family with common cooking arrangements but multiple dwellings; polygamous households with common head

5. Farm /Agricultural Household (1) “A farm household is a household in which one or more household members are engaged in agricultural production activities. A farm household usually corresponds to an agricultural holding. However, there could be more than one agricultural holding in a farm household, or more than one farm household in an agricultural holding.” WCA 2010

6. Farm /Agricultural Household (2) • Own account agricultural production only • Households with farm labourers/workers not included • Special Cases • Farms with own legal status (companies etc). • Can be family farms with legal form of a company • More of a concern in developed countries

7. Identifying Farm Households: Seychelles Seychelles Population and Housing Census: Questions identifying farm households

8. Identifying farm households : Employment and Self Employment • Population censuses already ask about employment and self employment • May miss farm households due to • Short reference period of 1 week: misses seasonal workers • Refers to principal occupation – may miss own account farming/fishing which is a secondary or tertiary activity

9. Identifying farm households : Employment and Self Employment Guam Population and Housing Census 2010

10. Identifying farm households : Employment and Self Employment 14. What was your status during the week preceding the interview 18. What is your profession? ….. • Have you an additional field of activity? • Agriculture • Hunting • Fishing • Traditional Artisan • Street trader • Tourist services • Other –odd jobs etc Wallis and Futuna Population and Housing Census 2008

11. Agricultural Holding “an economic unit of agricultural production under single management comprising all livestock kept and all land used wholly or partly for agricultural production purposes, without regard to title, legal form, or size” WCA 2010

12. Agricultural Holding Characteristics • Most countries population census identifies farm household not holding •  Holding is defined by particular agricultural activities and management of those activities • Management not ownership • In practice cut offs often applied • Land can be contiguous or in separate locations • Once there are shared inputs such as labour, farm buildings, machinery and animals • Household need not have land e.g. Keeping livestock next to the house

13. Parcel and Plot • Holding is divided into parcels > parcels divided into plots • Parcel – “any piece of land, of one land tenure type, entirely surrounded by other land, water, road, forest or other features not forming part of the holding of forming part of the holding under a different land tenure type.” • Distinguished by tenure • Distinguished by land not part of holding – often by physical characteristics

14. Parcel and Plot (2) • “a plot is a part or whole of a field on which a specific crop or crop mixture is cultivated” • Distinguished by single crop, mixed crops or scattered or fallow land

15. Agricultural Holder • “civil or juridical person who makes the major decision regarding resource use and exercises management control over the agricultural holding operation.” • Management not ownership • An agricultural holding is always under single management - one holder per holding. • Not a hired manager

16. Non Household Holdings • Holdings can be household sector or corporations/institutions • Holding can be a family farm or a legally defined entity • Non-household agriculture holdings not collected through population census • Basic information from farm registers, business registration or licensing system, farm associations

17. Linking households to holdings • Usually one to one correspondence farm household and holding • Special Cases: • One household manages more than one holding • Eg married couple living with parents • Two (or more) households manage one holding • E.g. Joint holding operated together with another household or several households • Household may also have its own separate holding • Often difficult to identify these special cases

18. One to One Correspondence

19. One household manages two holdings

20. Two households manage one holding

21. Examples: linking multiple households and holdings • Small proportion of the census or sample – usually 1% or less • Does not usually affect estimates • Countries often equate the farm household with the holding • In this case one should avoid double counting • Identify multiples during enumeration to avoid double counting of holdings

22. Key issue is identifying the farm operators & therefore the households they belong to

23. Sub holding and sub-holder • Different members of the same household responsible for managing particular operations of the holding • Delegated management of some activities but holder retains overall management • Sub-holding: activity or group of activity managed on behalf of holder • By one or more persons in the household • Single plot, whole field, whole parcel • Similar to plot manager or field operator • Sub-holder: person who manages the sub-holding on the behalf of holder • May be more than one sub-holder per holding • Example: Holder is male, responsible as sub-holder for cash crops; sub-holder is the wife who manages the kitchen garden

24. Sub-holding and sub holder (2) • Level of management, decision making and delegation of authority distinguishes from household with two holdings • Separate management units – two holdings • Delegated management – responsible only for some operations of the holding – sub holdings • Identifies crop and livestock activities taken under the operation/management of women • Role of women in decision making in the households