Week Twelve Agenda

2. Week Twelve Agenda • Announcements • Advise your proctor to verify that the faxed final exam was transmitted successfully • Grade submission is December 23 • Link of the week • Review week eleven lab assignment • Week eleven expected outcomes • Next lab assignment • Break-out problems • Upcoming deadlines • Lab assistance, questions, and comments

3. Link of the week • Domain name registration Web site https://www.pairnic.com/services.html?gclid=COXiuLv6mI0CFSCTWAod81M57A • Determine if a domain is currently in use. http://www.pair.com/ • What is a domain name? • What is the function of the Domain Name System? • BIND (Berkley Internet Name Domain) • What is meant by top level domain?

4. Link of the week Top Level Domain (TLD) • gov – Government • edu – Educational • org – Organizations (nonprofit) • mil – Military • com – Commercial business • net – Network organizations • ca – Canada • th - Thailand

5. Review week eleven lab assignment System Initialization The /etc/inittabrunlevel field format: id:runlevels:action:process /etc/inittab file 1:2345:respawn:/sbin/mingettytty 1 /etc/profile file Basic setup for all users $HOME/.profile User preferred environment Use the ls –a command to display the .profile file under your $HOME directory. Use the printenv or env commands to display environment variables.

6. Review week eleven lab assignment Metadata Metadata is data about data. It may describe a single piece of data or multiple content items and hierarchical levels. There are many different types of metadata. Business Intelligence metadata General IT metadata IT metadata management products File system metadata Image metadata

7. Review week eleven lab assignment User Initialization The $HOME/.profile file in your home directory is a collection of shell commands that are executed whenever you login. The $HOME/.profile file is used to set the users environmentvariables and shell options. PATH – this a variable used to search for executables - adding a directory to the PATH variable PATH=$PATH:. PATH=$PATH:$HOME/bin export PATH -setting up prompts PS1=‘$PWD>’ (primary prompt) PS2=‘>’ (secondary prompt) - setting up variables TERM=vt100 EDITOR=vi - other settings – set –o vi export PGPATH=/opt/postgresql-7.2.1/bin

8. Review week eleven lab assignment Demonstrate Command to display available shells on system cat /etc/shells Command to display current shell being utilized echo $SHELL Command display current file and directory default setting. umask umask -S

9. Review week eleven lab assignment Linux runlevels: 0 - halt (Do NOT set initdefault to this) 1 - Single user mode 2 - Multiuser, without NFS (The same as 3, if you do not have networking) 3 - Full multiuser mode 4 - unused 5 - X11 6 - reboot (Do NOT set initdefault to this) The runlevel may contain multiple characters for different runlevels. 1:23:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty1 2:23:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty2 3:23:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty3 4:23:respawn:/sbin/mingetty tty4

10. Review week eleven lab assignment /etc/inittab actions respawn – The process will be restarted whenever it terminates. wait – The process will be started once when the specific runlevel is entered. once – The process will be executed once when the specific runlevel is entered. boot – The process will be executed during system initialization. initdefault – This entry specifies the runlevel which should be entered after system boot. sysinit – The process will be executed during system boot. It will be executed before any boot or bootwait entries.

11. Review week eleven lab assignment /etc/inittab actions powerwait – The process will be executed when the power goes down. powerokwait – This process will be executed as soon as init process is informed that the power has been restored. powerfailnow – This process will be executed when the init process is informed that the battery of the external UPS power is failing. ctraltdel – The process is executed when the init process receives the SIGINT signal. This means that someone on the system console has pressed the Ctrl-Alt-Del key combination.

12. Review week eleven lab assignment UNIX-like commands: ps –s (view zombie processes) ps –x (view only active processes) ls –a (view “.” processes) ps aux | grepcrond (view crond executing) nice (execute with modified scheduling priority) ps ax | less (display STAT of processes) umask (display umask .profile setting) umask –S (displays umask symbolic values) fg (Resume jobspec in the foreground, and make it the current job) bg (Resume the suspended job jobspec in the background, as if it had been started with &)

13. Review week eleven lab assignment Unix/Linux Processes Linux defines a unit of work as a task or process. UNIXdefines a unit of work as a process. Each process is identified by a unique PID. Each process is started from a previous process using the fork and exec command. The init process is created by the kernel using a non-traditional procedure called hand-crafted or spontaneous. Background processes run with a relatively low priority, require little or no input, and generate a minimum of output. Background process is unlike with a foreground process, the shell does not have to wait for a background process to end before it can run more processes. Background jobs are run at a lower priority compared to foreground jobs. Foreground process is one that canshow the user an interface, throughwhich the user can interact with the program.The user must wait for one foreground process to complete before runninganother one. Daemon processes offer services like web pages serving, email transferring, time synchronization, and similar. They usually consume little CPU and memory, and run quietly without user interaction. They mainly communicate with other computer programs, or with other computers via network.

14. Review week eleven lab assignment Non-Inherited Process Attributes File locks Resource utilization of a child process are set to zero Pending signals inode is a data structure on the traditional UNIX file system. Each file has an inode and is identified by an inode number (often referred to as an "i-number" or "inode") in the file system where it resides. On many file system types the number of inodes available is fixed when the filesystem is created, giving a maximum number of files the file system can hold. Typically when a file system is created about 1% of it is devoted to inodes.

15. Review week eleven lab assignment cron is the periodic event scheduler of your system. The following examples give you an idea of its usefulness and necessity. • regular daily backups • periodic mail checking • polling a device for input • sending regular reports • sends user email every time a cron function is performed cron file locations /etc/crontab /etc/cron.deny /etc/cron.allow Typical directory configuration /etc/cron.d/hourly /etc/cron.d/daily /etc/cron.d/weekly /etc/cron.d/monthly The crond executes every minute.

16. Review week eleven lab assignment Disable email 0 * * * * echo “Email Sent” 2>&1 /dev/console • Demonstrate the crontabentries and /var/mail/dandrear file • Who can use the crontab commands (create, list, edit or remove)? • Each line of CRONTAB has the following structure: <Minute> <Hour> <Day> <Month> <Day of Week> <Command line> There are a total of 6 fields in the crontab file # This is a comment. * * * * * c:\tools\CheckForNewFiles.exe • The “*” character represent all values for a particular position in the crontabrecord. • A single integer matches the exact value of the position. • A comma separated list of integers, like 1,2,3 will match one of the listed values. This is typical for different run levels.

17. Review week eleven lab assignment crontab format: * * * * * command to be executed crontab values: Field Value minute 00-59 hour 00-23 (military time) day 1-31 month 1-12 weekday 0-6 (0=Sunday) Example records: 30 5 11 12 * “Welcome to Franklin University” 30 * * * * “Unix Administration”

18. Review week eleven lab assignment crontab restrictions If your name appears in the cron.allow file. If that files doesn’t exist, you can use crontab. If your name does not appear in the cron.deny file. If cron.deny exists and is empty, all users can use crontab. If neither file exists, only the root user can use crontab. Personalized crontab files are normally allowed for system users. crontab command without options Read standard input Exit using “Control C” so that the existing crontab is unmodified. Exit using “Control D” will cause the current users’ crontab to be replaced with no information.

19. Review week eleven lab assignment Demonstrate the following: Create a crontab entry Make the command a simple shell function. Monitor the /var/mail/dandrearfile using the tail command (tail –f /var/mail/dandrear)

20. Week ten, eleven, and twelve expected outcomes • Upon successful completion of this module, the student will be able to: Manipulate user accounts. Describe how cron is used to invoke repetitive processes. Manipulate process structure including: a. fork and exec, b. Initialization process, c. Background/foreground, d. PS tool. Explain basic UNIX security issues. Describe disk and file system structure. Use backup and restore archival operations on a system. Establish network services. Investigate the structure of the LDAP directory using LDAP commands.

21. Next lab assignment • Copy-on-Write It is an optimization strategy for multiple users can give the same pointer for a resource. The primary advantage is that if a caller never makes any modifications, no private copy is needed. Use: Virtual memory operating systems pages in memory that might be modified by either the process or its copy are marked copy-on-write.

22. Next lab assignment • Network Services A variety of services available across a network NFS Remote login Utilize a Web browser All network services rely on the ability to convert a host or domain name to an IP address. DNS are complex. The number of host names and IP addresses in the Internet is very large. DNS Local contains actual translations for the machines in its local network DNS Global contains more information about translations. A single translation could involve several DNS before resolving the IP address.

23. Next Lab Assignment • UNIX/Linux file system is contained under the root directory denoted by a slash “/”. • Users don’t have to worry about the physical locations of files. • The system administrator must be familiar with mounting and un-mounting storage space (/mnt). • NIS+ (Network Information Service) is a directory service.

24. Next Lab Assignment • What is the functionality of Network File System (NFS). • Security on UNIX systems Files, directories, PATH variable, password authenication, uucp commands One-way function Super Block Contains information about each mounted file system. The actual data structure in Linux is called struct vfsmount. Information held is mount flags, mount time, device name, pointer to super block and device block size. The Linux 2.0 kernel keeps a static array of such structures to store up to 64 mounted file systems.

25. Next Lab Assignment File manager It is a software which provides a user interface to assist in the organisation of files. It helps users with their daily work in managing their files on a hard drive or other storage device. With terabyte hard disks becoming prevalent, file managers represent an essential tool in managing file systems. Every file manager provides basic operations such as to create, open, view, edit, search, rename, move copy, and delete files. However, file managers typically come supplied with sophisticated functionality including network connectivity, directory synchronizing, archive handling, advanced searching, shortcuts, file/folder comparisons, checksums, plugins, and more, making them an incredibly powerful tool.

26. Next Lab Assignment Linux Virtual File System -Manages kernel level abstractions in one format for all file systems -Receives system calls requests from user level (e.g. write, and open) -Interacts with a specific file system based on mount point transversals. -Receives requests from other parts of the kernel mostly from memory management.

27. Next Lab Assignment

28. Next Lab Assignment

29. Next lab assignment UNIX base root file system tree structure /bin (commands) /dev (devices) /etc (system configuration/executables) /sbin (boot commands) /usr/sbin (administrative commands) /home (users home directories) /lib (shared libraries) /mnt (temporary mount directory) /opt (optional software) /proc (processes) /stand (boot-related files) /var (spooling)

30. Next lab assignment lost+found directory fsck is generally able to repair most system damage and the frequency with which you will find anything at all in your lost+found directories has slowed significantly If you have a system crash and the Linux file system checker (fsck) recovers corrupt files they are placed here. Display lost+found directory

31. Break-out problems 1. How often are the following 2 commands execute? # This is a comment. * * * * * c:\tools\CheckForNewFiles.exe 2. Define: File System Super block 3. Define: Domain Name Server 4. Define: Domain name 4. Define: RFC 6. What application is BIND associated 7. What is the “lost+found” directory used for? 8. What is the Linux Virtual File System 9. What is One-Way Encryption or One-Way Function 10. What is copy-on-write? 11. What is the function of the PATH variable in the .profile? 12. What is the function of the umask variable?

32. Upcoming deadlines • Knoppix File System Exercise, 11-1 is due 3/29/09. • Programming Assignment 2, 12-1 is due 4/15/09. • Archives Assignment, 12-2 is due 4/15/09. • Public Domain/Open Source Lab Assignment 13-1. In-class presentations will be 4/6 and 4/13. • Programming Assignment 3, 14-1 is due 4/18. • Final Exam, 15-1 will be administered 4/13 – 4/18. • Final Exam Outline is posted on the Bulletin Board. This outline will be considered a “living” document. I will add additional information to it up to one week prior to the exam. All additional information posted after the initial posting will be highlighted/indicated.

33. Lab assistance • Questions • Comments • Concerns • I will be available after this Franklin Live session to discuss any problems and/or concerns regarding lab assignments.