Ch. 10 Age of Democracy and Progress

1. Ch. 10 Age of Democracy and Progress Mr. Curtis World History

2. Britain Enacts Reform • Urbanization and Industrialization created many social issues that needed reform. Working conditions and poverty were two of the biggest problems that required reform. The right to vote was also debated. • In Britain, the first reform was to extend suffrage- (the right to vote) to more people. The Reform Bill of 1832 allowed more middle-class men vote in elections. • This bill increased the number of British voters but many citizens could not vote.

3. Chartist Movement • Chartist Movement- (1838)popular movement that called for suffrage of all men. It also called for a secret ballot and an end to property requirements, also annual election of Parliament. (Why was it called the chartist movement?) • At first, Parliament rejected the Chartist demands. • By early 1900, all of the Chartist demands had been accepted except annual elections.

4. Victorian Age • Queen Victoria- became queen of Britain in 1837 at the age of 18. Remained queen for nearly 64 years. During the “Victorian Age” Britain reached the height of its wealth and power. • Victoria accepted a less powerful role as queen compared to her predecessors. Parliament held most of the power.

5. Women Suffrage • By 1890 most countries allowed universal male suffrage. None allowed women to vote. Arguments against women’s suffrage included tradition and women were not capable. • As men gained the right to vote, women demanded the same rights. Many suffrage groups formed in Britain and the United States. Most groups were peaceful. • Some suffrage groups used violence to argue their right to vote

6. France and Democracy • After the Franco-Prussian war France changed its government almost yearly. Finally, in 1875, the National Assembly agreed on a government. The Third Republic- French republic that lasted over 60 years. (many upper class groups like clergy and aristocrats opposed this type of government) • Anti-Semitism- prejudice against Jews. (Would play a part in a conflict known as the Dreyfus Affair.)

7. The Dreyfus Affair • The Dreyfus Affair- 1894, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, one of the few Jewish officers in the French army. He was accused of selling military secrets to Germany. He was convicted on false evidence and sentenced to life in prison. • In a few years, new evidence came out that Dreyfus was framed by another officer. This sparked much controversy between nationalist groups, anti-Jewish groups, the clergy. They refused to reopen the case. (Why?) • Eventually, (after Zola publishes J’accuse!) the French government declared his innocence.

8. Zionism • The Dreyfus case showed the strength of anti-Semitism in France and other parts of Western Europe. Jewish persecution in Eastern Europe was worse. • This persecution caused many Jews to flea Eastern Europe and parts of Western Europe. Many fled to the United States. • In the 1890’s, a movement called Zionism- focused on the reestablishment of the Jewish homeland in Israel. The leader of this movement was Theodor Herzl.

9. Self-Rule for British Colonies • Great Britain had colonies located all around the world. Many of them were growing and becoming powerful enough to stand on their own….. • Canada • Canada was originally settled by the French. Most of their territory was lost to the British after the French and Indian War. • Canada was split into Northern and Southern Provinces because the French and English did not get along- English Protestants in the North and French Catholics in the South. (This division helped but did not ease all tension)

10. Canada continued • The Northern and Southern provinces needed both political and economic reform. Due to their division they could not agree on any helpful changes. • British Parliament sent Lord Durham to investigate the problem and to recommend a solution: he advised the Parliament to unite upper and lower Canada as one province, encouraged British immigration to Canada (dominate the French) and suggested that the colonists should be able to govern their own affairs. • Canada became a dominion- in 1867, which meant that Canada was self-governing in domestic affairs but remained part of the British Empire.

11. Australia and New Zealand • British sea captain James Cook claimed New Zealand in 1769 and part of Australia in 1770 for Britain. Both territories were already inhabited. Australia by Aborigines and New Zealand by the Maori. Settling Australia • Britain began colonizing Australia in 1788 with convicted criminals. British prisons were overcrowded. To solve this problems, Britain established a Penal Colony- (place where convicts were sent to serve their sentences.) in Australia. • After their sentence they could buy land and settle.

12. Australia and New Zealand • Free settlers eventually came to Australia and New Zealand. Sheep became the #1 export. To encourage immigration land was sold very cheap. A gold rush on 1851 also led to a rise in population. New Zealand • Settlements in New Zealand did not grow as rapidly as Australia. This was because the British did not claim New Zealand as theirs but recognized the land rights of the Maori. (1840) • Both Australia and New Zealand became dominions in the 1850’s.

13. Natives of Australia and New Zealand • The Natives of Australia and New Zealand were excluded from democracy and prosperity. • Disease killed many of the natives. As settlements grew, colonists displaced or killed many natives. • Using Pages 320 and 321 write 5 of your own bullet points on the Irish and Home Rule.

14. Americans Move West • In the 1800’s, the United States territory expanded very rapidly. The Louisiana purchase, 1819 Spain gave up Florida and in 1846 Britain handed over much of the Oregon Territory. • Americans believed in Manifest Destiny- the idea that the US had the right and duty to rule North America from the Atlantic to the Pacific. • Manifest Destiny was used to justify the removal of Native Americans from their tribal lands. • The Indian Removal Act of 1830 made these removals legal. Most Native Americans were forced hundreds of miles to the West. This journey to the West was very harsh and known as the Trail of Tears.

15. Texas Joins the United States • After Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, Mexico owned much of the territory West of the Louisiana Territory. (Texas) • Mexico allowed American settlers to settle on this land but were subject to Mexican rule. • In 1836, the Texans revolted against Mexican rule and won their independence. The US annexed- (added land) Texas (1845) and Mexico saw this as an act of war. • From 1846 to 1848 the US was at war with Mexico. Mexico surrendered in 1848 and ceded territory to the United States. (California and other southwest territory) Gadsden Purchase- land purchased from Mexico in 1853 south of the Mexican cession. (map pg. 325)

16. Civil War • As American settlers moved West, there were major disagreements on the way of life in the new territories. (slavery, factories, farms) • The North had farming and factories. It depended on a diversified workforce. The South strictly relied on farming and slavery to provide a workforce. • Conflict arose on whether or not slavery should be allowed in the new western states. The debate of states rights vs the rights of the federal government were also a major factor. • After the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860, who supported the abolition of slavery, many southern states began to secede- withdraw from the Union. These states formed the Confederate States of America.

17. Civil War continued…. • On April 12, 1861, the US Civil War- (war between the Union and Confederate army in the United States) began after the Confederates fired on Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. The South’s advantages were superior military leadership and that most of the war was fought on their territory. The North’s advantages were a larger population, better transportation, greater resources and more factories which was too much for the South and forced them to surrender in 1865.

18. Emancipation Proclamation • To help end the war and save the Union, Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation- (1863) ended slavery in the Confederate States. Why was it not effective at first? • The EP led to the passing of the 13th amendment which abolished slavery in all of the United States • After the war, the South was occupied by Union troops to enforce Constitutional protections. After Union occupation the South passed many segregation- (separation of blacks and whites) laws.

19. Inventions of the 19th Century • Advances in industry and technology were occurring faster than ever before during the 19th century. As populations grew there was a high demand for better products and faster ways to produce them. • Thomas Edison- inventor who invented the light bulb, phonograph and over 1,00 patented inventions. Scholars argue that his most important invention was the idea for a research laboratory. • Alexander Graham Bell and Marconi- Bell invented the telephone in 1876 while Marconi invented the first radio while experimenting with electromagnetic waves in 1895.

20. Ford’s Assembly Line • In the 1880’s, German inventors used a gasoline engine to power the first automobile. Automobile technology developed and spread quickly. Cars were expensive because they were built by hand. • Henry Ford- wanted to make the automobile affordable. He used standardized interchangeable parts. He also developed the assembly line- a line of workers who each installed a single piece of the car as it passed on a moving belt. A Model T Ford could be assembled in less than two hours. • In 1903, the Wright Brothers flew a gas powered airplane for 59 seconds and started the aircraft industry.

21. Ideas in Medicine and Science • Louis Pasteur discovered bacteria and studied how it could spread and be killed (pasteurization). This helped people stop the spread of disease and germs. • Joseph Lister applied Pasteur’s findings to his hospital and saved many patients from infection and disease by keeping the hospital, surgical tools and wounds clean. • Governments caught on with the trend and developed plumbing and sewer systems to improve public health.

22. Ideas in Science • Charles Darwin developed the Theory of Evolution in 1859. • Theory of Evolution- theory argued that all living things evolved from earlier living things that existed millions of years ago. It argued survival of the fittest and that species may change through natural selection. • 1850’s, Gregor Mendel discovered that traits can be inherited from one species to another through genetics. • 1803, John Dalton theorized that all matter was made up of tiny particles called atoms. 1869, Dimitri Mendeleev created the periodic table to organize these particles.

23. Social Sciences and Mass Culture • In social science, psychology (the study of the mind and human behavior) became very popular. Ivan Pavlov and Sigmund Freud theorized that human behavior was linked to unconscious reactions and experiences • In the late 1800s to early 1900s everyone could enjoy mass culture- appeal of art, writing, music, sports and other entertainment to a larger audience. • Going to the movies, vaudeville shows (musicals) and sporting events became evermore common to a large audience of people.