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L EARNING T HEORIES By: Alma N. Villarreal

L EARNING T HEORIES By: Alma N. Villarreal. EDTC 3320: Instructional Design for the Corporate Trainer Fall 2009. THEORIES AND MODELS OF LEARNING. Defining Learning The Different Learning Theories Behaviorism Classical Conditioning & Ivan Pavlov Operant Conditioning & BF Skinner

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L EARNING T HEORIES By: Alma N. Villarreal

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  1. LEARNING THEORIESBy: Alma N. Villarreal EDTC 3320: Instructional Design for the Corporate Trainer Fall 2009

  2. THEORIES AND MODELS OF LEARNING • Defining Learning • The Different Learning Theories • Behaviorism Classical Conditioning & Ivan Pavlov Operant Conditioning & BF Skinner • Cognitivism & Wilhelm Wundt • Learning Theories Impact on Teaching/Learning • Evaluate each Theory on Adult Education

  3. What is Learning? Learning is a complex process, it can be described from various perspectives. These perspectives of learning have been derived from psychological theory. • Learning can be defined from various ways: • Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience. (Jeanne Ormrod 2004) • Learning is a relatively permanent change in mentalrepresentation of association as a result of experience.(Jeanne Ormrod 2004) The difference in the two definition bring out two psychological perspectives: Behaviorism and Cognitivism.

  4. B E H A V I O R I S M Behaviorism is a theory of animal and human learning that only focuses on objectively observable behavior and discount mental activity. Behaviorist theorists define learning nothing more than the acquisition of new behavior through conditioning. There are two types of possible conditioning: 1.- Classical Conditioning 2.- Operant Conditioning

  5. Classical Conditioning ModelDeveloped by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov (1849-1936) Classical conditioning is a reflexive or automatic type of learning in which a stimulus acquires the capacity to evoke a response that was originally evoked by another stimulus. The most popular example is Pavlov’s observation that dogs salivate when they eat or even see food.

  6. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov • Born • September 14,1849 • Ryazan, Russia • Died • February 27, 1936 ( aged 86 ) • Leningrad, Soviet Union • Nationality • Russian, Soviet • KnownFor • Classical conditioning Transmarginal inhibition Behavior modification • NotableAwards • Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine ( 1904 )

  7. Classical Conditioning Analysis: Pavlov’s Experiment on Dogs • Before conditioning, ringing the bell caused no response from the dog. Placing food in front of the dog initiated salivation. • During conditioning, the bell was rung a few seconds before the dog was presented with food. • After conditioning, the ringing of the bell alone produce salivation/ (Dembo, 1994)

  8. Operant Conditioning ModelDeveloped by Burrhus Frederic Skinner (1904-1990) • Operant conditioning occurs when a responses to a stimulus is reinforced. Basically, operant conditioning is a simple feedback system. • If a reward or reinforcement follows the response to a stimulus, then the response become more probable in the future.

  9. Burrhus Frederic Skinner • Born • March 20, 1904 • Susquehanna, PA • Died • August 18, 1990 • Cambridge, MA • Nationality • American • Knownfor • Behavior analysis • Operant Conditioning • Radical Behaviorism • Verbal Behavior • Operant conditioning chamber

  10. OPERANT CONDITIONING ANALYSIS: SKINNER EXPERIMENT Skinner designed a box where a pigeon had to press a button in order to receive a food pellet. Skinnerfound that the pigeon eventually would stumble upon the fact that pushing the button elicited a food pellet. The pigeon would become conditioned to press the button in order to receive the pellet, and the frequency of the conditioned response-pushing the button-would increase.

  11. COGNITIVISM THEORYDeveloped by Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920) • The cognitive revolution replaced behaviorism in 1960s . Behaviorists were unable to explain certain social behaviors. • Cognitivism focuses on the inner mental activities. • Mental processes such as thinking, memory, knowing, and problem solving need to be exploited. • Cognitivism theorists defined learning as change in a learner’s schemata.

  12. WILHELM WUNDT • Born • 16 August 1832 • Grand Duchy of Baden • Died • 31 August 1920 • Leipzig, Germany • Nationality • Germany • Known for • Psychology, Voluntarism

  13. WUNDT’S FOUNDATIONS • Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany. • The method of inquiry used by Wundt, is claimed to be a cognitive approach, since it is a tool of self-observation to examine the working of the mind. • Wundt’s methodological contribution was “the development of introspection as a means for studying the mind”.

  14. IMPACT ON TEACHING/LEARNING • Behaviorism is a theory simple to understand because it relies only on observable behavior and describes several universal laws of behavior. • Its positive and negative reinforcement techniques can be very effective in animals, and in treatments for human disorders such autism and antisocial behavior. • Behaviorism often is used by teachers, who reward or punish student behaviors.

  15. IMPACT ON TEACHING/LEARNING • Cognitivists consider how human memory works to promote learning. • The psychological processes of sorting and encoding information and events into short term memory and long term memory are important to educators working under the cognitive theory. • Cognitivism uses the metaphor of the mind as computer: information comes in, is being processed, and leads to certain outcomes.

  16. ADULT EDUCATION AND BEHAVIORISM • Applied behavior analysis, a set of techniques based on the behavioral principles of operant conditioning, is effective in a range of educational settings.

  17. ADULT EDUCATION AND COGNITIVISM • Educational psychologists have used dual coding theory and cognitive load theory to explain how people learn from multimedia presentation. • Problem solving, regarded by many cognitive psychologists as fundamental to learning, is an important research topic in educational psychology.

  18. R E F E R E N C E S • Behaviorism Retrieved October 11,2009 from http://www.funderstanding.com/content/behavioris • Educational psychology – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved October 16,2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_psychology • Learning Theory (education)-Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved October 11,2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Learning_theory-(education) • Wilhelm Wundt – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved October 13,2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Wundt • B. F. Skinner- Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Retrieved October 13,2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.F._Skinner • Learning Theories of Instructional Design Retrieved October 13,2009 from http://www.usask.ca/education/coursework/802papers/merge1/brenda.htm • At Learning Theories Retrieved October 2,2009 from http://www.learning-theories.com/learning-theories/

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