研究方法與論文寫作

研究方法與論文寫作 授課老師: 游政谷文化大學大氣科學系

授課內容 1.研究基本概念與論文寫作注意事項(2週) 2.學術論文結構與其內容(2~3週) 畢業學位論文期刊論文 3.英文期刊常用字詞及用法(5週) 4.英文論文寫作練習(3~4週)

要學好英文需要一些工具書: 1.英漢字典 2.漢英字典 3.萬用字典 4.同義字典 5.反義字典 6.字詞用法相關書籍(較英漢字典的例句多) 7.Paper review

參考資料： 1. The Craft of Research, 2nd. W. C. Booth, G. G. Colomb, and J. M. Williams, 1995. 2. AMS Authors’ Guide (4th)- 美國氣象學會網站可download 何謂SCI：Science Citation Index 在台灣地球科學相關期刊中,TAO(地球科學期刊)已被納入SCI 成績計算方式：課堂參與與討論: 50% 期末考試: 50%

甚麼是研究? (分享時間)

什麼是研究? (1)發現"問題"(科學問題) (from data,phenomena..) 由文獻資料(paper)可知科學問題現階段的了解狀況 (2)研究方法： a.觀測分析 b.數值模擬 c.理論研究(少數) (3)成果or新發現：對研究的問題作進一步的探討 (4)Writing (i.e., communication with others)

寫一篇好的論文應該注意哪些事項： (according to guidelines for MWR reviews) 1.Is the study an original contribution in its field? (1)思想的原創性：(研究)<software> ex:縱然分析資料相同,但研究的主題不同或結果不同 (2)分析的資料：<hardware>

2.Dose the author make errors in inference, interpretation, or mathematical analysis? 是否引用不適當(inappropriate),引用的paper須有代表性. 其觀念須相符合.須正確詮釋其研究結果. 碩士論文一定要正確、適當的"描述" (描述為一般的說明，而詮釋則含有主觀的意思)

• 在學術界：名＞利 ex：居禮夫人 • 文章投稿的審稿問題： Q:審稿者如何找? A: Chief Editor(1~2位) Associate Editor(2~5位) Editor(數10位) • " Science" Journal

3.Does the material lend itself to application in it's field? 要讓讀者知道文章的價值為何?說明文章的應用性(在前言提及)

4.Is the author's presentation clear, concise (brief and compact), and well-organized? 將文章講清楚、簡明的呈現出來,避免含混

• 建議:寫論文前先組織其內容架構,通常論文圖表順序確定後,內容順序大概即可呈現 ex:第一章研究動機…第七章結論與未來工作 • presentation 口頭書面:包含文(text)和圖(figure) • illustration與presentation意思不同、前言著重在圖 ex: Figure 3 illustrates… (figure 放句首須大寫,若放句中可縮寫 Fig.3) ex: The surface analysis, as shown in Fig.3, indicates…

5.Is the abstract informative, giving the essence of the research in clear terms? • 摘要應包含主要的研究成果或研究方法 • 摘要是決定他人是否要讀此篇文章的關鍵看文章先看摘要和結論,其次再看前言、… • Title 很重要英文的Title是以名詞來取,不允許有動詞存在,但有例外: Is Buoyancy relative Quantity?

6.Dose the paper follow the AMS policy on the use of SI units (International System of Units) as stated in the 1992 Author's Guide? 標準單位寫法：例：m/s 寫成 m s-1，而m‧s-1不標準 θe 中文寫"相當位溫" 英文寫"Equivalent Potential Temperature" J 焦耳 W 作功的單位：瓦

Components of a scientific article(科學性文章的內容組織) 1> Abstract(摘要乃全文重點之處) • 需包含主要的結論,還有使用的方法 • 摘要盡量簡短扼要.AMS要求摘要長度不得超過250個字 • 不得有數學的表示式 • 不得在摘要裡引用他人論文(no citation),且不能有註腳 ex:負渦度1平流顯示… 1.2…. (註腳)

不能出現第一人稱(如 Iヽ myヽour…) ex:1.our observations showed vertical flux (改成Radar, Mesoscale…) of energy is very important. 2.We think that…中文改成根據觀測... 改成 It is suggested that…(認為此事70~80%) It is proposed that …(認為此事70~80%) It is believed that…(認為此事百分之百一定是) It is possible that…(有可能) It is unlikely that…(不可能) It is impossible that…(一定不可能)

ex3: “I (or We) measured the rainfall rates using” 可改成 “the rainfall rates were measured using…”

2> Text(本文主體)—有以下準則: • 須分為幾個章節(sections) Text Section1 1.Introduction heading(標頭): Section2 賦予標頭實際的意義 Section3…

Section與subsection應根據下面的樣式 英文部分: 1. Primary heading加粗.正體 a. Secondary heading斜體 1) Tertiary heading正體 (וֹ) Quaternary heading用羅馬的וֹ.斜體(少見) 中文部分: 一.標題 (一)副標題 1.副副標題 (1)副副副標題 2. (二) 二.

3> Acknowledgments (誌謝) 由誌謝可知該研究與哪些人有關, 亦可提高文章的可讀性與價值 ex:感謝who提供資料或誰幫助過我… 期刊論文不須感謝指導老師(因為指導老師通常是作者之一),但學位論文須感謝指導老師 • 盡可能簡短提及主要且需感謝的人 • 對研究有直接幫助(寫作或研究) • 致謝金主和在哪個單位或研究室進行研究

4> Appendixes(附錄) • 此內容不是主要的研究主題 • 如繁複的數學分析若對讀者有幫助,可放於附錄 • 若超過1個附錄,則須分為"附錄(一) "ヽ"附錄(二) " 或"appendixA"ヽ"appendixB"(通常很少超過 2個附錄) PS. 期刊論文無目錄,學位論文有目錄

5> References(參考文獻)-有一定的寫法,準則如下: • 編排依姓別 (last name)字母先後順序來排,不可給定編號(如1.2.3.4.5…) • paper的寫法順序:Author(s), publication year: Article title. Journal name, Volume, page range. ex: Carbone(姓-last name), R(名-用第一個字母代表)., 1982: A severe frontal rainband. partⅠ: Stormwide hydrodynamic structure. J. Atmos. Sci.(斜體.簡寫), 39(冊.粗體), 258-279.

外國姓名寫法:名姓 ex: 姓(last name,or family name): Yuter first name : Sandy middle name: E.(通常是一個字母) 若為第一作者,寫法: Yuter, S. E., 若為第二作者,寫法: S. E. Yuter, 若為兩個作者,寫法: Carbone , R., and S. E. Yuter, (第三作者寫法同第二作者寫法)

期刊全名與簡寫: ex: 全名: Journal of Atmosphere Sciences 簡寫: J. Atmos. Sci. 全名: Monthly Weather Review 簡寫: Mon. Wea. Rev. • 若為台灣人的姓名寫法: ex: Cheng-Ku Yu Yu, C.-K., ChengKu Yu Yu, C., 二個作者: Yu , C.- K., and C.- Y. Hsu, • 書在參考文獻的寫法與paper不同,寫法如下: Author(s), publication year: Book Title. Publisher, total pages 斜體

6> Figure Captions(圖說) • 每張圖須有圖說,讓讀者不須讀本文內容即可了解圖的意思 • 圖的編排順序依本文內容提及先後來排 • 編圖技巧:先把圖挑出來分別給圖名字,之後等paper寫完後再給圖編號 ex: Fig. Surface Fig. precipitation • 碩士論文的圖和本文可分開,不硬性規定要放一起,但博士論文須在一起;而paper初稿其圖文多分開,定稿後才耗時處理圖與文的編排

7> Tables(表) • 每一張表須照號碼編排,並給予表說 • 表說置於表的上方;圖說置於圖的下方 8> Footnotes(註解) • 註解須置於該頁頁尾 • 註解須順序編號 • 減低註解的使用量,在可能的範圍內, 盡量將註解內容安插於本文內

n(名詞) 1. 特性.特徵 ex: • observed characteristics / aspects 觀測特徵 • observational aspects modeling aspects • characteristics(內在特徵特性) 內在動力方面 feature(外在特徵) 外在外觀 • environmental characteristics 環境特徵 (不可用environmental feature)

2. 周圍,區域,位置 ex: • dust storms in the vicinity of mountains • Environmental condition is unstable along the front and its vicinity 沿著鋒面及其附近的環境條件不穩定 • region •area強調地理位置地方副詞所有格. 形容鋒面的附近 western region eastern region

區市 • district區 • • frontal position(鋒面位置) street 南北為 Ave. (Avenue)

3.目的 ex: • The scientific objective(s) of this study is(are) to… • purpose –較口語話,目的較小 goal – 理想,目標更大更遠 • One of the major objectives of this study is to... • This study is aimed at… = This study aims at… = It is aimed that…

4. 平衡 ex: • The mass and wind fields are in balance. • I am not in a position to tell you the final result. • The mass field balance(s) the wind field. • Thermodynamic Equilibrium be 介系詞名詞 *介系詞+名詞=形容詞 employment

5. 擾動,變化 ex: • perturbation: ū (mean) + ư (perturbation) • fluctuation • Thermal bubbles can exist in a variety of form. 熱胞存在很多種形式 • Vt與Vi的差別: Vt + O Vi (check看看需要加a嗎?)

6. 方向 ex: • 這鋒面是東西走向:The front is oriented (approximately) east-west. =Orientation of this front is roughly east-west. • 這鋒面往東在移動: This front moved eastward =This front moved toward east. =This front had an eastward movement.

7. 檢視 ex: • Future detailed investigation is required to (further) improve our understanding on this scientific topic. 8. 論點 9. 部分 • segment:強調物理現象較短的區段

10. 長命 11. 污穢 • 地面回波 ground clutter= contamination 12. 星號補充: solid line dashed line long dashed line dotted line dashed-dotted line thick solid line thin solid line light shading dark shading

13. 繼起,隨後發生的事 subsequence (n.) consequenceヽsequence subsequently (adv.) ex: ; subsequently, ex: As a result, … = As a consequence,… ex: 有四張地圖,要說明時間序列可用下句 A sequence of surface analysis indicates… 兩者不同時間在前時間在後

14. 儀器 instrument ex: 觀測儀器 observational instrument 設備 equipment 15. 一致 16. 障礙物 •大氣中常指的障礙物barrier乃指山(mountain barrier) ex: barrier jet ex: mountain–parallel wind maximum,即 barrier jet barrier 二維 obstacle 三維 •

17. 現象 單數 phenomenon 複數 phenomena ex: Barrier jet is an important phenomenon in Taiwan. Many weather phenomena in Taiwan are related to orographic effects.

18. decent 下降 updraft (上升) w:較大.尺度較小 ascent (上升) w:較小.尺度較大 downdraft (下降) decent (下降) 通常形容氣流慢慢上升或慢慢下降用 ascentヽdecent 通常做中小尺度常用updraft, 大尺度多用ascent • ascend (Vt.)

19. 對流層 lower troposphere ( 高度< 5km) middle troposphere (~ 5km) 4~6km upper troposphere (> 7~8km) low-to-middle troposphere (2~5km) mid-to-high troposphere (>= 5km) 近地面 low levels (at low levels) 最低層 the lowest level near surface 20. scenario 描述整個事件的情況,一個事件的過程

Vt.(動詞) 1. 預測 • realize 與 visualize 之差異 2. 變寬 • broaden = become wider ex: The frontal zone broadened in the next three hours. = The frontal zone became wider in the next three hours. ex: The frontal zone (which is) characterized by pronounced temperature gradient…

3. 闡明 ex: We will elucidate this point (more detailedly) in section 4. • interpret 詮釋(v.) interpretation (n.) ex: Increase in temperature is interpreted as a result of warm advection. 溫度的增加可以詮釋為暖平流的結果

4. 強調 ex: We will emphasize this later. ex: We will emphasize the role of cloud physics in the formation/generation of this phenomenon. 我們將要強調雲物理的角色在這現象的產生 5. 執行 ex: execute a flight mission 不可用on

6. 認為 ex: Coastal Range can be (reasonably) considered/regarded as a two-dimensional barrier. ex: In this study, Coastal Rang is assumed to be a two-dimensional barrier. 7. 推測 • speculation (n.) ex: Too many speculation are found in your paper.(文章太多推測不好) = Your paper is filled with speculations. • conjecture 和 speculate須以人為主詞

* allow + o. + to 8.允許 ex: Measurements from disdrometer allow us to study the (characteristic of) drop-size distributions. ex: Dual-Doppler synthesis permits a detailed examination of three dimensional wind fields. = Measurements from disdrometer permit the investigation of drop-size distribution. • permission (n.) 權限,允許 ex: You cannot enter my room without my permission. < o.>

名詞子句 9. 顯示句型: … indicate that … ex: Analysis from Fig.8 indicates that warm advection is very important in triggering convection. = Analysis from Fig.8 indicates/shows/reveals the importance/significance of warm advection on triggering convection.

10. 促進 • improve our understanding = explore our knowledge ex: The main objective of this study is to improve our understanding of dust storm. 11. 幫助 ex: This research is proceeded with the aid of a numerical model. • paper 中通常以 helpful (adj.) 出現 ex: A convective unstable environment is helpful/favorable for the development of deep convection. = can help

12. 展示ヽ圖示 • displayヽillustrate 圖示 • illustrate 亦可用在意念的展示 • demonstrate 通常用於意念的展示ヽ證明 ex: This study has demonstrated that… 但不可用 This study has displayed that…

13. 建議ヽ提出ヽ記載ヽ報告 • suggest 的主詞可為人或物,但propose主詞須為人 • propose有建議ヽ提出的意思 ex: Cheng-Ku presents on interesting concept. • stateヽnoteヽreport表較不重視的表明 ex: Tun-cheng notes/states this information in his book. • present (adj.) 存在的 ex: The code advection was present in the lowest 1 km.

14. 詳述 • detailedly (adv.) • in detail = detailedly 15. 代表 ex: Light (dark) shading represents the regions of upward (downward) motions. 16. 描述 ex: Fig.10 is described/depicted to explain the role of static stability.

研究方法與論文寫作

研究方法與論文寫作

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