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Chapter 19

Chapter 19. From Sea to Shining Sea: American Expansion 1820–1848. The Mexico’s Borderlands. American boundaries Jefferson’s generation assumes Louisiana Purchase completes U.S. Next generation looks towards Mexico territory Expanding settlement U.S. expands to the west

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Chapter 19

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  1. Chapter 19 From Sea to Shining Sea: American Expansion 1820–1848

  2. TheMexico’s Borderlands • American boundaries • Jefferson’s generation assumes Louisiana Purchase completes U.S. • Next generation looks towards Mexico territory • Expanding settlement • U.S. expands to the west • Mexico expands to the north • 1609 Santa Fe • Mexico builds bases, missions • Mexico settles California • Juniper Serra 1769

  3. Mexico’s Borderlands(cont.’d) • Santa Fe Trade • William Becknell blazes trail from Independence to Santa Fe • Trade on trail establishes link to the U.S. • Great American Desert • Americans think southwest is worthless land • Few trees grow on plains • Cattle could graze on plains • Texans • Mexico agrees for Moses Austin to bring Americans to Texas • Americans promise to adopt Mexican ways, laws • Soon outnumber Mexicans

  4. Mexico’s Borderlands(cont.’d) • Texans’ conflict with Mexico • Mexico abolishes slavery in 1820 • Texans shun Mexican culture • Santa Anna limits Texas autonomy • Texas declares independence • Texas Revolution • Texans take a stand at Alamo • Texans massacred at Goliad • Texas victory at San Jacinto • Rio Grande, not Nueces, boundary

  5. Map of Americans in Mexican Borderlands, 1819–1848

  6. Mexico’s Borderlands(cont.’d) • Lone Star Republic • Government similar to U.S. • Texas asks to joins U.S. • U.S. refuses because of slavery • Texas allies itself to Britain

  7. Map of Americans in West 1819–1848

  8. The Oregon Country • Oregon • Spain gives up claim to Oregon • Russia gives up claim to Oregon • U.S.–Britain jointly claim Oregon • Mountain men • Come to trap Beaver • Adopt Indian lifestyles • Trade with big companies • Become guides for settlers • Geography Teachers • Jedediah Smith found South Pass over Rockies • Jim Beckwourth found lowest pass • Jim Bridger explored all over • All taught that could cross the mountains

  9. The Oregon Country (cont.’d) • Oregon Trail • Missionaries come first • Trail begins in Independence • Theft biggest threat from Indians • Thousands migrate westward • Manifest Destiny • Americans settle Oregon • Americans in Oregon want to join U.S. • Americans want “manifest destiny” • Expansion from sea to sea

  10. The Oregon Country (cont.’d) • Texas debate in 1844 • Growing U.S. support to annex Texas • Adding Texas could mean war with Mexico • Clay–Van Buren compromise over campaign issue • Democrats split over Texas issue in convention • Election of 1844 • Whig Henry Clay v. Democrat James K. Polk • Polk pro expansion, Clay waffles • Polk wins • Tyler annexes Texas by joint resolution

  11. The Oregon Country (cont.’d) • President James K. Polk • Splits Oregon with British in treaty • First threatened with 54”40’ or fight • Tries to buy California, New Mexico • Mexico refuses • Polk decides top take them by force • War with Mexico • Polk sends troops into disputed territory • Fighting breaks out • Congress declares war, 1845

  12. Map of The Mexican War, 1846–1847

  13. The Oregon Country (cont.’d) • The Campaigns • Stephen Kearney occupies California • Zachary Taylor wins battles in northern Mexico • Winfield Scott invades Mexico at Vera Cruz • Scott occupies Mexico City • Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo • U.S. victorious in 1848 • Establishes Rio Grande as boundary • Cedes Southwest to U.S. • U.S. pays Mexico $15 million

  14. The Oregon Country (cont.’d) • War at Home • War very popular in U.S. • War does have its critics • Henry David Thoreau: war to add slave territory • Ulysses Grant: war of aggression • Further expansion? • Some Americans want more of Mexico • Some Americans want Cuba • Some Americans want Canada, Hawaii, West Indies

  15. Discussion Questions • How did Texas gain its independence? How did its joining the Union lead to war with Mexico? • Explain what is meant by Manifest Destiny. How did this idea affect U.S. policy and politics? Does it still exist today? • What drew settlers to the Oregon territory? How were these settlers able to make the long journey westward? • Examine the Mexican War. How was the United States able to defeat Mexico so handily? How would the new territories gained after the war affect U.S. politics?

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