Groups In Organization

Groups In Organization OBJECTIVES: GROUPS - DEFINITION AND ROLES - STAGES (EVOLUTION) - TYPES - NORMS B.TEAMS - DEFINITION - TYPES - TEAM EFFECTIVENESS

Groups vs. Crowds WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GROUPS AND CROWDS? • A GROUP HAS AN ORGANIZATION (collective goal) • A CROWD - INDIVIDUALS WITHOUT A COMMON GOAL DEFINITION: A GROUP - IT IS 2 OR MORE PEOPLE WHO INTERACTFREELY, SHARE COLLECTIVE NORMS AND GOALS AND HAVE A COMMON IDENTITY

Characteristics Of Groups • INTERACTING • NORMS • GOALS • IDENTIFICATION (ID)

Main Functions Of Groups ACTIVITY INTERACTION SENTIMENT EACH GROUP HAS TWO MAIN FUNCTIONS: • TASK (or goal) ORIENTED • MAINTENANCE (social support) FUNCTIONS ARE RELATED TO EACH OTHER THROUGH: • ACTIVITY • INTERACTION • SENTIMENT (postoje)

Advantages Of Groups • MANAGERS SHOULD SUPPORT GROUPS: • OFFER THE POTENTIAL FOR SYNERGY • CAN HELP FOSTER INNOVATIONS • SOMETIMES MAKE BETTER DECISIONS THAN INDIVIDUALS DO • CAN HELP GAIN COMMITMENTS • CAN EXERT CONTROL OVER THEIR MEMBERS • GROUPS ARE NATURAL PHENOMENA

Disadvantages Of Groups MANAGERS SHOULD BE CAREFUL ABOUT SOCIAL LOAFING - THE TENDENCY OF PEOPLE NOT TO WORK AS HARD IN GROUPS AS THEY WOULD INDIVIDUALLY (THAT IS THE “RINGLEMANN EFFECT”) THE REASON FOR SUCH A BEHAVIOR IS: • THEIR CONTRIBUTION IS LESS NOTICEABLE • THEY PREFER TO SEE OTHERS CARRY THE WORK LOAD

Stages (Evolution) Of Groups THERE ARE 6 STAGES • ORIENTATION or FORMING • division of labour, roles • CHALLENGES AND CONFLICTS or STORMING • accept or reject the group, what is the goal, who is the leader, what are the means, etc. • if a potential member will enter “the bus”, what is “the bus” direction, who is “the driver”, and what we want to accomplish by this “ride” • STAGE 2 REQUIRES CONSENSUS (members realize that the group can do something what they cannot do individually) • COHESION or NORMING (that is “WE”) (stages 1 - 3 are collective)

Stages (Evolution) Of Groups • DELUSION or PERFORMING • people are happy - individual needs are subordinated to the needs of a group • DISILLUSION • people judge the leader, goals, etc. • ACCEPTANCE or ADJOURNING • this is tailored on individual differences (Stages 4 - 6 deal with interpersonal relations)

Types Of Groups In The Organization CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA: • NORMS • TASKS • TIME, etc. NORMS + TASKS = CONTEXT (MAIN CRITERIA) THERE ARE TWO MAIN TYPES OF GROUPS: • A. FORMAL GROUPS • B. INFORMAL GROUPS

Types of Groups FORMAL GROUPS = “OFFICIAL” GROUPS THAT IS: SOME OUTSIDE PARTY WANTS THIS PEOPLE TO BE A GROUP INFORMAL GROUPS = PEOPLE CREATE A GROUP BY THEMSELVES • IN AN ORGANIZATION THERE ARE FORMAL AS WELL AS INFORMAL GROUPS • INFORMAL GRPOUS USUALLY EXIST WITHIN FORMAL GROUPS

Typical Informal Groups • Apathetic group: (there is no leader, low cohesion, members are usually just “listeners”) • Ernatic group: (there is a strong leadership but very low cohesion. Typical example is a temporary job group) • Strategic informal group(this is the Trade Union type of group. There is a strong leadership & high cohesion. Management has a lot of problems to deal with this type of group) BUT REMEMBER: A REAL UNION IS A FORMAL ORGANIZATION. (This is just the type of a group.)

Group Performance (Effectiveness) • EFFECTIVE GROUPS-ACHIEVE HIGH LEVELS OF BOTH TASK PERFORMANCE & MEMBER SATISFACTION (human resource maintenance) High Performance Optimum Low High Arousal(vzbudenie, napr. záujmu)

If people are overstimulated, the result is the same as if they are understimulated • If for some reason performance decreases – the human nature feature is a change (something, but people need a change) • Usually, there are 2 motivation factors in a group • 1. GOAL SETTING • 2. REWARDS

Goal-setting Performance Arousal • If we open a thick book…

When we come to the last paragraph… Performance Arousal

Psychologically happens – immediately rising • INTEREST • CONCENTRATION • PERFORMANCE

Group Size & Group Effectiveness 5-7 members Group Effectiveness Group Size

Group Norms ROLE: IS A SET OF BEHAVIOR OF AN INDIVIDUAL IN THE GROUP NORM: IS A SET OF BEHAVIOR OF THE GROUP AS WHOLE IF SOME ROLE IS MISSING - “THE GAME” CANNOT BE PLAYED

Types of Norms 1. MEMBERSHIP NORMS 2. INFLUENCE NORMS(who is the leader and who are followers) 3. AFFECTION NORMS (interpersonal relationships) 4. GROWTH NORMS(what are acceptable ways of growth)

Teams & Teamwork • TEAM = IS A SMALL GROUP OF PEOPLE WITH COMPLIMENTARY SKILLS, WHO WORK TOGETHER TO ACHIEVE A COMMON PURPOSE FOR WHICH THEY HOLD THEMSELVES COLLECTIVELY ACCOUNTABLE • TYPES OF TEAMS: • THERE ARE SEVERAL CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA. THE MOST IMPORTANT ONES ARE: • Purpose • Organization • Time, etc.

Teams by Purpose • Teams that recommend things • ESTABLISHED TO STUDY SPECIFIC PROBLEMS AND RECOMMEND SOLUTIONS. THEY ARE TEMPORARYTEAMS • Teams that run things • THESE ARE TYPICAL MANAGEMENT TEAMS • Teams that make or do things • PERFORM TASKS SUCH AS MARKETING, PRODUCTION, ETC.

Teams by Organization • Problem-solving teams • MEET REGULARLY & EXAMINE IMPORTANT WORKPLACE ISSUES. A TYPICAL EXAMPLE IS A QUALITY CONTROL CIRCLE • Cross-functional teams • BRING TOGETHER PERSONS FROM DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS TO WORK ON A COMMON TASK • Virtual teams • VIRTUAL TEAM OPERATES WITH MEMBERS LINKED TOGETHER ELECTRONICALLY VIA NETWORKKED COMPUTERS • Self-managing teams • ARE EMPOWERED TO MAKE DECISIONS ABOUT PLANNING, DOING, AND EVALUATING THEIR DAILY WORK

TEAMBUILDING IS A COOPERATIVE WAY TO GATHER AND ANALYZE DATA TO IMPROVE TEAMWORK • THE TEAMWORK ADVANTAGE: • COMES FROM THE TWO MAIN ATTRIBUTES OF THE TEAM: • THE TEAM MEMBERS MUTUAL ACCOUNTABILITY FOR THE RESULTS • MULTISKILLING – TEAM MEMBERS ARE TRAINED IN SKILLS NEEDED TO PERFORM DIFFERENT JOBS

Groups In Organization