1 / 14

bleeding in early pregnancy

bleeding in early pregnancy. Dr. Abdalla H. Alsadig MD. Causes of early bleeding in pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy. Hydatidiform mole. Abortion. Abortion/Miscarriage. Definition : any fetal loss from conception until the time of fetal viability at 24 weeks gestation. OR:

devon
Download Presentation

bleeding in early pregnancy

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. bleeding in early pregnancy Dr. Abdalla H. Alsadig MD

  2. Causes of early bleeding in pregnancy Ectopic pregnancy Hydatidiform mole Abortion

  3. Abortion/Miscarriage • Definition: any fetal loss from conception until the time of fetal viability at 24 weeks gestation. OR: Expulsion of a fetus or an embryo weighing 500 gm or less • Incidence: 15 - 20% of pregnancies total reproductive losses are much higher if one considers losses that occur prior to clinical recognition. • Classification: 1. spontaneous: occurs without medical or mechanical means. 2. induced abortion

  4. Pathology • Haemorrhage into the decidua basalis. • Necrotic changes in the tissue adjacent to the bleeding. • Detachment of the conceptus. • The above will stimulate uterine contractions resulting in expulsion.

  5. Causes of miscarriage • Fetal causes: • Chromosome Abnormality: - 50% of spontaneous losses are associated with fetal chromosome abnormalities. - autosomal trisomy (nondisjunction/balanced translocation): is the single largest category of abnormality and → recurrence. - monosomy (45, X; turner): occurs in 7% of spontaneous abortions and it is caused by loss of the paternal sex chromosome. -triploids: found in 8 to 9% of spontaneous abortions. it is the consequence of either dispermy or failure of extrusion of the second polar body,

  6. Causes of miscarriage • Maternal causes: 1. Immunological: - alloimmune response: failure of a normal immune response in the mother to accept the fetus for a duration of a normal pregnancy. - autoimmune disease: antiphospholipid antibodies especially lupus anticoagulant (LA) and the anticardiolipin antibodies (ACL) 2. uterine abnormality: - congenital: septate uterus → recurrent abortion. - fibroids (submucus): → (1) disruption of implantation and development of the fetal blood supply, (2) rapid growth and degeneration with release of cytokines, and (3) occupation of space for the fetus to grow. Also polyp > 2 cm diameter. - cervical incompetence: → second trimester abortions.

  7. Causes of miscarriage • Maternal causes: 3. Endocrine : - poorly controlled diabetes (type 1/type 2). - hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. - Luteal Phase Defect (LPD): a situation in which the endometrium is poorly or improperly hormonally prepared for implantation and is therefore inhospitable for implantation. (questionable). 4. Infections (maternal/fetal): as TORCH infections, Ureaplasma urealyticum, listeria • Environmental toxins: alcohol, smoking, drug abuse, ionizing radiation……

  8. Types of abortion • Threatened abortion. • Inevitable abortion. • Incomplete abortion. • Complete abortion. • Missed abortion • Septic abortion:Any type of abortion, which is complicated by infection • Recurrent abortion: 3 or more successive spontaneous abortions

  9. Clinical features/management • Threatened abortion: - Short period of amenorrhea. - Corresponding to the duration. - Mild bleeding (spotting). - Mild pain. - P.V.: closed cervical os. - Pregnancy test (hCG): + ve. - US: viable intra uterine fetus. • Management • reassurance. • Rest. • Repeated U/S

  10. Clinical feature: - Short period of amenorrhea. - heavy bleeding accompanied with clots (may lead to shock). - Severe lower abdominal pain. - P.V.: opened cervical os. - Pregnancy test (hCG): + ve. - US: non-viable fetus and blood inside the uterus. Management: - fluids…..blood. - ergometrinn & sentocinon. - evacuation of the uterus (medical/surgical). Inevitable abortion

  11. Clinical feature: - Partial expulsion of products - Bleeding and colicky pain continue. - P.V.: opened cervix… retained products may be felt through it. - US: retained products of conception. Treatment as inevitable abortion Incomplete abortion

  12. Complete abortion - expulsion of all products of conception. - Cessation of bleeding and abdominal pain. - P.V.: closed cervix. - US: empty uterus.

  13. Feature: - gradual disappearance of pregnancy Symptoms Signs. - Brownish vaginal discharge. - Milk secretion. - Pregnancy test: negative but it may be + ve for 3-4 weeks after the death of the fetus. - US: absent fetal heart pulsations. Complications - Infection (Septic abortion) - DIC Treatment - Wait 4 weeks for spontaneous expulsion - evacuate if: Spontaneous expulsion does not occur after 4 weeks. Infection. DIC. - Manage according to size of uterus - Uterus < 12 weeks : dilatation and evacuation. - Uterus > 12 weeks : try Oxytocin or PGs. Missed abortion

  14. thanks

More Related