Tong Zhang ( zhant@rpi )

1. ECSE-6640 Digital Picture ProcessingProf. George Nagy (nagy@ecse.rpi.edu)Image and Document Formats & Conversion Tong Zhang (zhant@rpi.edu)

2. Coverage • Image representations with different formats (meta-information) GIF, BMP, JPEG, TIFF, PBM, PGM, PPM, PS, EPS • Document representations that combine images, texts, music, video etc. Latex, SGML, XML, HTML, PDF (Portable Document Format), ODA (Office Document Architecture)

3. Outline • Why discuss this topic? • What are the categories? • What are the common types of image formats? • What are the tools to view and manipulate them? • Which one should I pick to use? • How to guess an image format? • Document formats

4. 1. Why discuss this topic? • Understand the advantages and disadvantages of various image formats • Know the available tools • Aware of what’s going on when using these tools • Choose the appropriate image format for your own work

5. 2. What are the categories? One categorization: • Raster Image Formats • Vector Image Formats Another categorization: • Binary Image Formats • ASCII Image Formats

6. 2.1 Raster Image Formats • Breaks the image into a series of color dots called “pixels” • The number of bits at each pixel determines the maximum number of colors 1 bits = 2 (21) colors 2 bits = 4 (22) colors 4 bits = 16 (24) colors 8 bits = 256 (28) colors 16 bits = 65,536 (216) colors 24 bits = 16,777,216 (224) colors!

8. Instead …

9. 2.2 Vector Image Formats • Break the image into a set of mathematical descriptions of shapes: curve, arc, rectangle, sphere etc. • Resolution-independent: scalable without the problem of “pixelating”. • Not all images are easily described in a mathematical form. How to describe a photograph?

10. Raster Resolution-dependent Suitable for photographs Smooth tones and subtle details Larger size Vector Resolution-independent Suitable for line drawings, CAD, logos Smooth curves Smaller size 2.3 Comparison

11. 3. What are the common types of image formats? • Raster: GIF (Graphics Interchange Format), Bitmap,JPEG, TIFF, PBM (Portable Bit Map - binary), PGM (Portable Gray Map – grayscale), PPM(Portable Pixel Map - color), PNM (Portable Any Map – any three), PCD(Photo CD), PNG (Portable Network Graphics), etc. • Vector: PS(Postscript), EPS (Embedded Postscript), CDW (CorelDraw), WMF (Windows Metafile), SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics), etc.

12. 3.1 CompuServ GIF – Graphics Interchange Format • First standardized in 1987 by CompuServ (called GIF87a) • Updated in 1989 to include transparacy, interlacing, and animation (called GIF89a) • Use the LZW (Lempel-Ziv Welch) algorithm for compression • A maximum of 256 colors, so doesn’t work well for photographs • Suitable for small images such as icons • Simple animations • Interlacing vs. non-interlacing

13. 3.2 Bitmaps • Can create great image with 24 or even 32 bits per pixel • File size is large, for example, a bitmap image of size 1024x768 with 24 bits per pixel is at least 1024x768x3 = 2 MBs • How to reduce size? Run Length Encoding (RLE) – lossless • What about even smaller size? Lossy encoding such as JPEG.

14. 3.3 JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) • Lossy encoding • Like interlaced GIFs, there is progressive JPEGs

15. 3.4 TIFF (Tag Image File Format) • Tag-based image format • Originated in 1986 at Aldus Corp. (PageMaker), the latest version 6.0 • Developed by Aldus and Microsoft • Platform-independent • Mostly used by scanners and desktop publishing • http://www.libtiff.org/ for a TIFF library • Support compressions of CCITT Fax 3 & 4, LZW, JPEG etc. • Support multiple color spaces: Grayscale, RGB, YCbCr, CMYK etc.

16. File Header Byte Order (2 bytes): MM or II Version (2 bytes): 42 (deep philosophical reason!) Pointer to first IFD (4 bytes) IFD (Image File Directory) Pointer count (2 bytes) Tagged Pointer 0 (12 bytes) Tagged Pointer 1 (12 bytes) …. Pointer to next IFD (if none, 0000) (4 bytes) Some details

17. Some details - continued • Tagged pointer (12 bytes) • Tag code (2 bytes): in the specs • Type of data (2 bytes): 1 (BYTE), 2 (ASCII), 3 (SHORT), 4 (LONG), 5 (rational) • Length (4 bytes) • Data pointer or data field

18. 3.5 PBM, PGM, PPM (Portable Bit Map, Portable Gray Map, Portable Pixel Map) • ASCII / Binary format • Easy to edit a.pbm a.pgm a.ppm P1/P4 P2/P5 P3/P6

19. 3.6 PS (PostScript) • A programming language from Adobe for printing graphics and text (stack based, interpreted language using RPN – Reverse Polish Notation) • A page description language that is device-independent (introduced in 1985 by Adobe) • Different levels: Level 1, 2, 3 • Change coordinate system, scaling, translation, rotation, filling, clipping, etc. • Main unit: point (1/72 of an inch)

20. 3.7 EPS (Embedded PostScript) • A Postscript with additional rules • For putting postscript in a document • Essential information: what is the size of the image

21. 3.8 SVG (Scalable Vector Graphics) • A language for describing 2D graphics and applications in XML • SVG specification and current implementations: http://www.w3.org/TR/SVG/ • Adobe SVG Viewer http://www.adobe.com/svg/main.html

22. 4. What are the tools to view and manipulate them? • Use image editors • For raster image: Abobe Photoshop, Paint Shop Pro, xv • For vector image:Adobe Freehand, Adobe Illustrator, ghostview, xfig • For conversion between different image formats: ImageMagick (free with different platforms)

23. 5. Which one should I use? • No unique answer • A small image like icons, a grayscale image – GIF • A large image, photographs, an image with many colors – JPEG • Scalability required – PS, EPS

24. 6. How to guess an image format? • Image magic words GIF: “GIF” TIFF: “II” or “MM” BMP: “BMP” JPEG: FF,D8 (hexadecimal) – Start of Image Marker (SOI) PS: %!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPS: %!PS-Adobe-3.0 EPSF-3.0

25. 7. Document Representations • Text: ASCII, UNICODE • Page composition languages- Word processing (WYSIWYG), RTF- Typesetting (Tex, FrameMaker) • Document Interchange Formats: DIF(Document Interchange Format), SGML, ODA (Office Document Architecture) • Presentation Formats: HTML, PDF

26. 7.1 Tex & LaTeX • A high-quality typesetting system • Designed to produce technical and scientific documentation • Based on Donald E. Knuth's TeX typesetting language • First developed in 1985 by Leslie Lamport • Cross-platform • Useful if you are writing your thesis!

27. 7.2 DIF (Document Interchange Format) • Text only, no graphics or complex structures • ASCII stream of text and instructions (prefixed by ESC)

28. 7.3 Office Document Architecture (ODA) • A market code standard by ISO • For actual coding, it has a companion called Office Document Interchange Format (ODIF) • Describes the logical structure and layouts.

29. 7.4 Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) • “Meta” language: used to define markup languages • Established by the International Standards Organization (ISO) in 1986 • SGML is not a markup standard, but a framework for devising such a standard • http://xml.coverpages.org/sgml.html

30. 7.5 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) • A subset of SGML (an application of SGML) • A HTML file is in ASCII • Has standard codes • Can be edited by a simple text editor, but dedicated authoring tools are usually much more convenient

31. 7.6 Portable Document Format (PDF) • Adobe’s de facto standard for secure and reliable distribution and exchange of electronic documents • Can embed fonts, images, graphics, forms, controls, layouts, media, etc. • Searchable, hyperlinks, digital signature, • Application and platform independent • http://partners.adobe.com/asn/tech/pdf/index.jsp

32. 7.7 RTF (Rich Text Format) • Microsoft • Text & graphics • Use ANSI, PC-8, Macintosh, or IBM PC character sets • Currently the documents can be transferred between Windows and Macs