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Plants & Civilizations A s in the P ast , even to-day, medical

Plants & Civilizations A s in the P ast , even to-day, medical knowledge is passed on by word of from generation to generation . Earlier communication s between the tribes were poor , remedies were probably discovered independently many times in

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Plants & Civilizations A s in the P ast , even to-day, medical

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  1. Plants & Civilizations Asin the Past,even to-day, medical knowledge ispassed on byword of from generation togeneration. Earliercommunications between the tribeswerepoor, remedies wereprobably discovered independently manytimes in several parts of theworld.

  2. Sumerian drawings of opium poppy capsules from 2500 B.C. suggest a good knowledge of medicinal plants. Important record -series of tablets curvedwiththe code of Hammurabi, under the direction of the king of Babylon around 1770 B.C. Clay tablets Collection of vegetalformulae Sumero-Akkadianpharmacopoeia :  40 plants

  3. ORIGIN & MIGRATION • In the old Eurasian world: 3 Major Centres of Origin & Domestication: 1-YangTseKiangvalley-China. 2- IndusValley-Pakistan. 3-FertileCrescent-Middle East • Plants &Animals -diffused to the Wand to the E. fromhere.

  4. -YangTseKiangvalley-China.

  5. 2-IndusValley-Pakistan.

  6. 3-FertileCrescent-Middle East

  7. Hammurabi 6th Babylonian king (1728-1686 BC) -"the favorite of the gods", in front of the throne of the Sungod Shamash. • Laws-inscribed in Old Babylonian on tall stela of black diorite. • Discovered in December 1901 in Susa, Elam, which is nowKhuzistan.

  8. MEDICINE WAS BORN IN THIS LAND Galenus of Pergamon (Bergama) AD 130-200 Father of Physicians Theophrastusof Lesbos (Midilli) BC 371-287 Father of Botany PedaniosDioscorides of Anazarba (Adana) 1st century AD Father of Pharmacists Hippocrates of Chios (Kos) BC 460-377 Father of Medicine

  9. Temple of Aesculapius in Pergamon (Bergama) God of Medicine

  10. PedaniusDioscorides of Anazarbos De medicinalimaterialibri

  11. Seidenstrassen – “silk roads” – is a termcreated in 1877 bygeologistFerdinand Paul Wilhelm vonRichthofen, theroadswere of economicimportance, usedfor 1000’s of yearsbeforetheinvention of silk. • Probablyanimalmigrationrouteswerelinkingthesprings & pastures, longbeforetheemergence of Man & theestablishment of agriculture, around 11000 BC.

  12. One feature that certainly helped in the self-diffusion of many plants + animals was - land continuum from Yang Tse Kiang valley to West Asia, through areas less desert than they are nowadays.

  13. Land roads-most ancient in Central Asia:  -northern one, the oldest (cockprobably naturally migrated). -more southern routes constituted the diffusion roadsfor flowers, fruit-trees &other animals. -For silk, since the Han dynasty, historically linked China to the Imperial Rome + main centreof the west.

  14. Central Asia: Anau – one of the oldest oases going back nearly 7000 years to 4500 BCKara Kum desert (within the borders of present day Turkmenistan+Uzbekistan & Iran + Afghanistan). • Amu Darya (Oxus) tributaries, in Bactria (northern Afghanistan &southern Uzbekistan) &in Margiana (the Murghab delta of E-Turkmenistan)- apeaceful economic & cultural complexes. (Sir Darya)

  15. Northern nomads-settled down all along the route. • All as intermediate stops on these roads since very ancient times : • Namazga, Kelleli, Kalta Minor, • Gonur Tepe, • Togolok in Margiana, • the vast Merv oasis, • the large complex oases of Niya in the Tarim Basin.

  16. Kara Kum desert

  17. Otheritinerarywasthesearoute : themostrecentonedatesbacktothe 1st century of ourera. • Also, jade of CentralAsiaarrived in Chinaveryearly.

  18. SilkRoad-animals strode, plants & precious products were transported-lapis lazuli, the mines of which were in Sar-e-Sang-Badakhshan, Afghanistan, trade dated to 3000 BC.

  19. Howdidplantstravel? Howweretheyintroduced? • Peoplecarriedseeds-Cereals, Walnut, Pistachio, Apricot, Peach, BulbplantslikeNarcissus. • Apple & Citrus, reproductionunpredictable; youngtreeorgraftstaken.

  20. Diffusionthusoccurred step by step-linkedtotheacquisition of graftingtechniques (thisskillwasknown since ancienttimes in ChinaandMesopotamia). • Courseplantsdiffusedwithbirds, rodents; fabrics, clothes, animalfursheldseeds.

  21. Introductionswithtributes: the ambassador’s gifts-new plant or animal offered to the emperor of China-had a gardenwith many animals+exotic & prestigious plants(Botanical Garden in Afghanistan-all kinds of Tulips-Baburname). • Rich Fergana Valley: 751, General Ziyad ibn Salih – leader Khurasan army of Abû Muslim-defeated Chinese. • Prisoners included Chinese silk-weavers + paper-workers-used bark of Broussonetia papyrifera– a Moraceae + other things for paper.

  22. Introductions in theMediterraneanbeforeGreco-Roman times • Ancientcontactsbetween E & W- presence of silk on Egyptianmummies, inlays of lapislazuli on the mask of Tutankhamunetc. • Variety of people in Egypt: Persians, Babylonians, Phoenicians, Cilicians, Greeks, Jews, allactivelytrading.

  23. Far East connectedwith Cent. Asia connectedwith S & W Asia + the Medit. • Veryancientintroductionsinclude: cock, camel, horse, rose, apple, pomegranate, pistachio, blackmulberry, walnut, pepperrice amongthe main ones.

  24. Rose • Roseoriginated in CentralAsia. • Arrived in China - in the Medit. only dog rose – Rosa canina – was known. • Flower of beauty & fragrance- always carefully cultivated,one of the first domesticated, diffused ornamentals.

  25. Damascusrose: Veryancientvariety-beautiful & fragrantflowerwasdistilledtechniquedeveloped in Syria in the 8th century, togettheattar of roses.

  26. Sweetapple Maluspumila • Appletreesbearingediblefruitsprobablyfirstoccurred in Centralor Western Asia, in veryancienttimes. • TienShanMountains- hugeforests of Maluspumila, whosefruit can be the size of a child’shead.

  27. Origins & Migration -SweetApple

  28. Onlyapplenativetotheforests of temperateEurope is Malussylvestris, a small & veryacidfruitgivesaciddrinkpommata. • Apple tree lasts the lifetime of its master- lifespan slightly less than 50 -100 years.

  29. Pistaciavera • Pistachio, from Central Asia-widely diffused, from Northern Syria to CA : wild pistachio forests in Kyrgyzstan, slightly below walnut forests, close to Osh. • ArabictermfustukwasborrowedfromPersian, whichprovidesevidenceforitsCentralAsianorigin.

  30. BlackmulberryMorusnigra • Originatedin Central Asia. • Introduced in Babylon where musukânu was highly cultivated forfruit & excellent wood used in carpentry.

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