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Culture. American Indians. Explorers. the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group. Puritanism. An Introduction.
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Culture American Indians Explorers the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group
Puritanism An Introduction
Look at this photo. Based on their appearance, how would you describe this family? What would they do for fun? What do they value?
Puritans move to the Americas • Shortly after Charles I succeeded the throne • Conflict between Church of England and Puritanism • Moved to the US in search of religious freedom • Made up a large part of the first 13 colonies • Wanted everyone to worship it the Puritan way (irony)
Edward Taylor • Taylor only published two stanzas of his poetry during his lifetime. Given his cultural background, why do you think this is?
“Huswifery”—Husband; Wife; Housekeeping The bond between a human being and God.
Extended Metaphor • A comparison that spans the length of a work (poem, sermon, song, book), without using like or as. • Use of Imagery
When all work together, the printer works in harmony—but if something is jammed or imperfect what happens?
Taylor’s Metaphor REEL WHEEL FLYERS
SPOOLS DISTAFF
QUILLS LOOM
Apostrophe • When the speaker addresses someone/thing that is not physically present (ie. Dead person), a personified object or an abstract idea (ie. God). Edwards uses apostrophe in his poem. Who/what is he addressing in the first line that would make this an apostrophe?
Make Me, O Lord, Thy Spinning Wheel COMPLETE! • What is he asking to be? • Spinning wheel=machine…complete… • Apostrophe!!!!!! • Request of God=Prayer
With your partner,Modernize the poem’s image • Identify the main idea of the poem. • An apostrophe is when the speaker addresses someone/thing that is not physically present (ie. Dead person), a personified object or an abstract idea (ie. God). Edwards uses apostrophe in his poem. Who/what is he addressing that would make this an apostrophe? • What does the speaker want from the addressee? • Substitute “spinning wheel” for a more modern image & rewrite the poem using this modern idea (ex. Make me, O Lord, a printer complete…)
Modernity proves… • Discuss and answer this question with your partner • How can analyzing the Puritan lifestyle and poetry reveal important tenants of the 15th century lifestyle? • What human condition does modernizing the poem expose as a cross-century idea?
Puritan Tenants • Identify the major tenants of Puritanism in the poem. Write a specific example for each one of the tenants…
Finally… • Discuss the following question and then come up with 2 arguments that support your opinion as well as 1 counter-argument.: • Do you think personal devotion is as much esteemed today as it was in Taylor’s day?
Background • Edwards is… • The audience became… • thus is… • The goal of the sermon is…
Oratory • Definition: formal public speaking (ex. Sermon; speech) • It’s best when… • It is persuasive, inspiring listeners to take action • It appeals to the emotions • I addresses the needs and concerns of its audience • It includes expressive and rhythmic language.
Persuasion • Writing or speech meant to get readers or listeners to think or act in a certain way. • Appeals to emotions or reason • Offers opinions • Urges action • Backed up with evidence and support
Persuasive Techniques • The Greek philosopher Aristotle believed that there were three basic ways to persuade an audience: ethos, logos, and pathos.
Ethos: The Writer’s Character or Image • Greek for “custom; habit” • Established by Aristotle as the knowledge or expertise a person appears to have about the subject. • Writer’s ethos is created largely by word choice and style.—Often uses the appeal—do this or be branded as “bad” or “sinful” • This does not mean going through the thesaurus to find difficult and unusual words. It means using what you know to create an academic paper with a formal wording and style. • Things to think about— • What kind of image do you want to project to the audience? • What can you do to help project this image? • What words or ideas do you want to avoid? • What effect do misspelled words and grammatical errors have on your image?
Logos: Logical Arguments • Greek for “logic, thought, word” etc. • If…then syllogisms (deductive reasoning) • ex. All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. Therefore, Socrates is mortal. • Usually based on probabilities rather than certain truth. • Persuasion to a large extent involves convincing people to accept our assumptions as probably true—preparing the audience to accept your own contrary position • ex. If students were required to spend two years in the military after graduation then they would be more productive members of society because they would learn discipline and responsibility as well as appreciation for liberties often taken for granted. • **NOTICE: this is a “probability” but the writer never questions themselves by saying “probably.” Half of persuasion is convincing the audience that you are the authority.**
Pathos: The Emotions of the Audience • Emotional appeal can be accomplished in a multitude of ways: • by metaphor or story telling or imagery • by a general passion in the delivery and an overall amount of emotional items in the text of the speech, or in writing. • The use of emotional appeals to alter the audience's judgment. A common use of pathos in argument is creating a sense of rejection if the audience doesn't agree. • Many refer to Pathos as the "band-wagon" appeal, or trying to convince the audience to join in on the speaker's belief. • This is a major theme used in any form of propaganda (everyone believes in this so you should too)
Emotional appeal • Imagery: figurative language that appeals to the senses: • Seeing • Smelling • Tasting • Touching • Hearing
Warnings For Persuasion • logical fallacy: attacking the reader instead of the idea. Used often in politics: examples? This can be as dissuasive as persuasive • too much Writer’s pathos: it is often difficult to separate your own emotions and write from outside yourself. If you are too emotional you lose the ethos/logos that are necessary for a truly effective persuasive piece
Culture American Indians Explorers Puritans the customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits of a racial, religious, or social group
“Missing” As Christianity and other world views came in, what did the Native American’s lose/gain?
“Missing” Sherman Alexie Known for: The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven; Smoke Signals; and The Absolutely True Diary of a Part-Time Indian Spokane Tribe
The Grass Dancer“Christianity Comes to the Sioux” What is the setting? Why is this important? Indirect characterization: the reader must infer character attributes through action, speech, and interaction with other characters Vs. Direct Characterization: the author tells the reader what character attributes exist
The Grass Dancer“Christianity Comes to the Sioux” • This passage has several stories within a main story; this is known as envelope structure. Summarize the main story and then list the other stories that are told within it. • Circle the stories that are factually or realistically based. • Underline the stories that are mythical or opinion based. • Which type of story holds more meaning for the students? Explain. • Which type of story holds more meaning for the teacher? Explain. • What is the purpose of Jeanette’s story telling activity? Is the activity successful?
The Grass Dancer“Christianity Comes to the Sioux” • What does this passage reveal to you about reservation life in the 1970s? • What are the conditions of reservation life? Have they changed since the 1970s? Explain • Has reservation life changed? Page 15-16 • Why would people of Native American descent fight in the army? • Do you agree with the author’s call to “look at our own conditions” in America before fighting a war in other countries? Explain.
Proclamation of Alcatraz Read/Discuss
