学术英语 社科

1. 学术英语 社科 Academic English for Social Sciences

2. 8 Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power People often associate power of a nation with military might or economic strength. Is there something more to the concept of power? The answer is in the affirmative, at least to some who study political science. This unit explores the complex nature of power and how it impacts international relations.

3. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Unit Contents Lead-in Text A Text B Text C Listening Speaking Writing

4. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power • Lead-in • Lead-in task

5. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Lead-in Task Work in groups of 3-4. Read the definition of the following expression. carrot and stick / carrot or stick: an idiom about power, figuratively (比喻地) used to refer to a policy of offering a combination of rewards and punishment to induce behavior Brainstorm and write down what you associate with power. Example: Power is money./Power is like the sun. Power is (like) _________________________________. Now read Text A to see how the authors describe power.

6. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power • Text A • Critical reading and thinking • Difficult sentences • English language for • academic purpose • Specialized vocabulary • Collocations • Signpost language • Formal English

7. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis In Text A the authors explain the complex nature of power from the perspective of political science.

8. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis Definition of power: Power is the term used to represent the sum of a country’s capabilities. (Para.2) Forms of power: 1) tangible power: military muscle, wealth, etc. 2) intangible power: national willpower, diplomatic skills, etc.

9. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis Characteristics of power: 1. Asset vs. goal 1) Power is an asset that can be applied to help countries achieve goals. Analogy between power and money →Power is akin to money. Money buys things; power causes things to happen. → Power is less liquid than money. → Power has no standard measurement.

10. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 2) Power is also a goal as countries seek, acquire, or preserve sufficient power to pursue their national goals. Analogy between money and power →We all expend money as an asset; →We also seek to acquire money and to build up a reserve against both anticipated needs and contingencies.

11. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis Debate: The duality of power as an asset and a goal creates a debate over whether more is always better. 1) some people’s view →Countries can become fixated on acquiring power, esp. military power. 2) critics’ view →It is unwise because power is expensive. →It spawns insecurity in others. 3) realists’ view →The real danger is unwise use of the power you have by wasting it on marginal goals.

12. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 2. Hard power vs. soft power 1) Hard power Definition: the ability to make someone else do something or suffer the consequences Characteristics: →negative incentives (threats, sticks) →positive incentives (inducement, carrots)

13. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A Text Analysis 2. Hard power vs. soft power 2) Soft power Definition: the ability to persuade others to follow your lead by being an attractive example. Debate: Which one is more desirable?

14. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Critical reading and thinking of Text A View 1: Hard power is more desirable Reasons: →Hard power is easier to appreciate as it is easier to see that certain coercive measures or positive incentives have been used and to observe the result. →Countries follow other countries’ lead because they share the same interests, not because of altruistic sentiments such as admiration. View 2 : Soft power can be potent point.

15. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Difficult sentences • The duality of power as an asset and a goal • creates a debate over whether more is • always better. (Para. 5) → Because power could be regarded both as an asset and as a goal, this two facets of it cause people to argue if more is always better.

16. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Difficult sentences • Some people believe that countries can become fixated on acquiring power, especially military power, beyond what is prudently needed to meet possible exigencies. (Para. 5) → Some people believe that countries could become so obsessed with power, especially military power, that they embark on an infinite journey to acquire power that is more than exigencies would require.

17. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Difficult sentences • … President Bush, who in 2002 professed his “respect [for] the values, judgment, and interests of our friends and partners”, but who also asserted, “We will be prepared to act apart” if necessary and “will not allow… disagreements [with allies] to obscure our determination to secure… our fundamental interests and values.” (Para. 9) → In 2002, President Bush declared that he respected the values, judgment, and interests of their friends and partners, but he believed that Americans would not allow their allies to prevent Americans from protecting their own interests and values.

18. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Group discussion Form groups of 4-5 and have a discussion about the soft power the following countries have: 1) the U.S. 2) The U.K. 3) China

19. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A English language for academic purpose Specialized vocabulary Define the following terms • balance of power • soft power • power capacity • hard power • realists • realpolitik • coercive diplomacy • national willpower

20. Text A Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power English language for academic purpose Collocations • human nature • remain at the heart of • be akin to • a case in point • positive/negative incentives • in decline • a kiss of death • make concessions • be skeptical of

21. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A English language for academic purpose Signpost language Summarizing / Concluding some expressions may be used to summarize or conclude talks or writing. e.g. To sum up / summarize / conclude… The main points… In short… In conclusion… On the whole… In sum… In summary Do the task on page 162.

22. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A English language for academic purpose 2 Formal English Do Task 3 on page 162.

23. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 1 Text A draws on classification and definition to discuss the characteristics of power. Complete the following tree diagram about the characteristics of power according to the text. Characteristics of power Asset vs. goal Power is a goal as countries _____________ sufficient power to ___________________. Power is an asset that can be applied to ______________ ______________. help countries try to seek achieve goals pursue national goals Issue: Is power the more the better?

24. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 1 Text A draws on classification and definition to discuss the characteristics of power. Complete the following tree diagram about the characteristics of power according to the text. Characteristics of power Hard power vs. soft power Soft power can be potent point because it has the ability to _____________. Hard power is tangible because it is easier to observe __________. the result attract others Issue: _____________________? Which is more desirable

25. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the text. 1 In the end those who have the greatest hard power will gain the upper hand in any conflicts. 2 Power is normally associated with being tough and hard. 3 We can compare power to money because like money it can be used to obtain what we desire. 4 The more power a country has, the better it will become. F T T F

26. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 2 Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the text. 5 Soft power can enable a country to have it her way. 6 Realists do not believe in soft power. 7 Iraqi war demonstrated soft power. 8 President Bush does not believe in soft power. T T F T

27. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 3 One kind of interpretation of power is that hard power is more concerned with economic and military might while soft power is more about values and culture. Work in pairs and discuss what the soft power of the following countries are. 1 The U.S.: American fast food, high technology, Hollywood blockbusters 2 The U.K.: English literature, the royal family 3 China:Chinese traditions and culture, Confucius Institute

28. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Suggested answers Language building-up 1 Task 1 Specialized vocabulary Match the words and expressions in Column A with their definitions in Column B. a f g c

29. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text A Suggested answers Language building-up 1 Task 1 Specialized vocabulary Match the words and expressions in Column A with their definitions in Column B. d e b h

30. Text A Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Suggested answers Language building-up Task 2 Signpost language 2 Translate the following sentences into English using the expressions in the above box. 1 总之，这个案件没有确凿的证据。 ____________________________________________________________________ 2 最后，我预祝峰会圆满成功。 _______________________________________________ 3 简而言之，我们希望能将理论与实践结合起来。 _________________________________________________ To sum up/ to summarise/ in summary/ there is no clear evidence of this case. To conclude , I wish the summit a complete success. We hope, in short, to bring theory and practice together.

31. Text A Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Suggested answers Language building-up Task 2 Signpost language 2 Translate the following sentences into English using the expressions in the above box. 4 总的来说，这是成功的一年。 ______________________________________ 5 现在我总结一下要点。 ______________________________ On the whole, it has been a successful year. Now, let me recap the main points.

32. Text A Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Suggested answers Language building-up Task 3 Formal English 2 Replace the underlined words and expressions in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A. 1 When the goals and interest of states conflict, which side will gain control is often decided by who has the most power. key: 2 Power in common usage carries the meaning of “hit-over-the-head” or “make you” capabilities … key: 3 Power can be based on positive persuasion as well as negative coercion. In fact, power has many forms. key: 4 Military muscle, wealth, and some others are fairly obvious and easy to feel. key: • prevail connotation Indeed tangible

33. Text A Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Suggested answers Language building-up Task 3 Formal English 2 Replace the underlined words and expressions in the following sentences with the more formal ones from Text A. 5 We seek to acquire money and to build up a reserve against both anticipated needs and something that might happen unexpectedly. key: 6 The fact that power has two sides, both as an asset and a goal creates a debate over whether more is always better. key: 7 Other countries — admiring its values, imitating its example, aspiring to its level of prosperity and openness — want to follow it. key: 8 Countries follow other countries’ lead because they share the same interests, not because of altruistic feelings such as admiration. key: contingencies duality of power • emulating sentiments

34. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power • Text B • Critical reading • Difficult sentences • English language for • academic purpose

35. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text B Critical thinking and reading Text Analysis • What is smart power? • the combination of hard and soft power

36. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text B Critical thinking and reading Text Analysis American soft power is in decline. • Serious decline in American attractiveness in Europe, Latin America and the Islamic world. (Find examples in Paras. 3-6.) • Robert Gates’ suggestion: commit more money and effort to soft-power tools, because military alone cannot defend U.S. interests.

37. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text B Critical thinking and reading Text Analysis • Can U.S. reclaim “smart power”? • The author’s view: • Yes, America can become a smart America by • again investing in global public goods, providing • things people and governments of the world want. • (Paras. 9-11) Refer to Text C on page 168 and get more information about hard power and soft power.

38. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text B Difficult sentences • The effects of the 9/11 terrorist attacks threw America off course. (Para.8) → The terrible suffering of the 9/11 terrorist attacks took Americans by surprise. • Style also matters. (Para.10) → The way how things are done also matters.

39. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text B Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking Task 1 Work in pairs and discuss the following questions. 1 According to the text, what is smart power? 2 How is smart power different from soft power and hard power?

40. Text B Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Suggested answers Critical reading and thinking • Reading critically • Every text is written for a purpose, some are supposed to make you believe. It is important to learn to read critically to get the point. One way of training critical reading is to ask yourself the following questions: • What is the author trying to prove? • What is the author assuming I will agree with? • Do I agree with the author? • Does the author adequately defend his or her argument? • What kind of proof does the author use? • Is there something the author leaves out that I would put in? • Does putting it in hurt the author’s argument? Task 2 Work in pairs. Compare Text A with Text B and see how you might answer the above questions for each text. Decide which one has a more neutral tone.

41. Text B Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Suggested answers Researching Task The American dream used to reflect the soft power of the country. With the rise of China, some foreign media began to talk about a “Chinese dream”. Conduct a survey on the campus about the Chinese dream. You may ask: 1 Have you ever heard of a “Chinese dream”? 2 If so, where did you hear it? If not, what do you think a Chinese dream refers to? 3 How is the Chinese dream compared with the American dream? Analyze the results and report your findings to the class.

42. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power • Text C

43. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Text B Suggested answers Task Translate Paragraph 1 of Text C into Chinese 在今天的发达民主政权，国家实力不再像过去那样刚性，那样有威慑力。同时今天世界上很多地方还不是发达民主政权，这就局限了全球权力的转型变革。比如有些国家还是工业化之前那种农业经济，只有弱化的公共机构，以及集权统治者。有些失败国家成了暴力的温床。还有些国家正在工业化，因此可能经历当年西方类似的国家在20世纪初类似的发展阶段经历过的那些失调、混乱。在这样一个多样化的世界，国家实力的三种来源——军事、经济，和软实力都重要，当然这三种来源在不同关系中地位不同。不管怎样，如果现今由信息革命带来的经济和社会发展趋势继续下去，软实力一定会在各方作用中变得越来越重要。

44. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power • Listening • Cornell note-taking system • Listening tasks

45. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Listening Academic activities • Read the strategies and do the tasks on page 171.

46. Listening Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Listening tasks Task 1 You are going to listen to a lecture on “political correctness”. Before listening, look at the definition of “politically correct”. Write down the questions to which you want to find answers in the lecture in the cue space of the following table. politically correct: (abbr. PC) language, behavior, and attitudes that are carefully chosen so that they do not offend or insult anyone

47. Listening Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Listening tasks Task 2 Listen again and take notes of specific information as required in the note-taking area. Task 3 Write a short summary of the lecture. Politically correct means socially correct according to the views of those who were politically left of center. Examples: man / woman – person; Miss / Mrs. – Ms; poor people – disadvantaged

48. Listening Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Listening tasks Task 3 Write a short summary of the lecture. new ways of saying things, avoiding giving offence to members of minority groups Examples: man/woman – person; Miss/Mrs. – Ms; poor people – disadvantaged terms to attack those thought to be politically incorrect Examples: sexist; ageist; racist; Eurocentric; homophobe terms indicating apositive programme for addressing wrongs Examples: multiculturalism; affirmative action

49. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power • Speaking • Developing a strong conclusion • Speaking tasks

50. Unit 8Hard Power, Soft Power, Smart Power Speaking developing a strong conclusion Generally, a strong conclusion should include the following points. Signal that you are going to finish the presentation. Make concluding comments, such as summarizing the main points of the presentation, emphasizing the important points, etc. Thank the audience. Ask whether the listeners have any questions.