SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY IN COPING WITH THE MSW PROBLEM IN MALAYSIA

1. Seminar Municipal Solid Waste Management Asia-Pacific Experience Sharing 26 November 2005, Hong Kong SELECTION OF TECHNOLOGY IN COPING WITH THE MSW PROBLEM IN MALAYSIA S.L. Tong Association of Environmental Consultants & Contractors of Malaysia (AECCOM) www.aeccom.org.my; sltong@pd.jaring.my

2. CONTENTS • Current Status of MSW Management in Malaysia • Approach of the Government of Malaysia for MSW Management • Selection of Thermal Treatment Technology • Operations & Maintenance Consideration

3. I. Current Status of MSW Management in Malaysia & MSW Characteristics

4. ROLE OF FEDERAL, STATE & LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN MSW MANAGEMENT • Federal Government: • Ministry of Housing and Local Government • Solid waste management funding and policy development • Department of Environment • Environmental management and control • Ministry of Health • Developing programmes and guidance on MSW in rural areas

5. State Government: • Policy and financial matters pertaining to Local Authorities functions • Local Authorities: • Implementation agencies directly responsible over solid waste collection, treatment and disposal; • Provided services direct by the Local authorities or sub-contracted to the public

6. LEGISLATION RELATED TO MSW MANAGEMENT • No Federal and State Legislation that deals specifically with all aspects of MSW • Current legislations used to manage solid waste nationwide: • Local Government Act 1976 • By-laws: Refuse Collection, Removal and disposal By-Laws to regulate the service • Street Drainage and Building Act 1974 • Currently in process of new MSW legislation

7. PRESSING NEEDS OF SUITABLE FACILITIES TO TREAT AND DISPOSE MSW • Most acute in the capital city, the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur (FTKL) and the surrounding state of Selangor • Waste generation estimates for 2004: • For FTKL: 2,538 t/d • For Selangor state: 3,600 t/d

9. Beroga Solid Waste Management within the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur (FTKL) and the state of Selangor Present TTP Site (Beroga)

10. District/Municipal Council Location Area ha Remaining Capacity, tons

12. Factors Contributing to the Problem in MSW Management in FTKL • Relatively low level of allocation of funds for upgrading and expanding MSW treatment and disposal infrastructure; • Delay in the federalisation and privatisation of MSW services on a national scale due to delay in appropriate legislations; and • Problems faced in acquiring land to site treatment plants and disposal sites.

13. II. Approach of the Government of Malaysia for Efficient MSW Management

14. The Principles

15. The Approach • Direct participation of Federal Government (through the Ministry of Housing & Local Government, MHLG) - regionalisation and privatisation of MSW management services • Reducing waste generation at source, recycling and reuse of latent resources prevailing with the discarded “waste” – projected to achieve 16% by 2025 • Multi-faceted treatment and disposal strategy: • Sanitary landfill; • Incineration; and • Composting

16. Regional Multi-strategy MSW Plan for FTKL and the State of Selangor (~ 1999/2000) • An incineration facility (Thermal Treatment Plant, TTP) to treat: • MSW from FTKL • A regional, large scale sanitary landfill as: • Repository for remaining MSW generated from FTKL; • Certain developed part of Selangor state; • Residue produced by the TTP • A transfer station to be built: • To economise transportation of MSW generated from FTKL to the regional TTP & landfill facility

17. Transfer Station for FTKL • Built & owned by the City Hall of KL at the northern part of FTKL, Taman Beringin • Started operation: April 2002 • Capacity: 1,700 t/d • Operated & maintained by: private company – Alam Flora Sdn Bhd

18. A New Sanitary Landfill • Delay in finalisation of location of the site for more than 3 years • Two sites were abandoned after Detailed Environmental Impact Assessment (DEIA) were carried out • Final selection in early 2005: at Bukit Tagar, northern Selangor state, ~ 70 km from Transfer station

19. III. Selection of MSW Thermal Treatment Technology in Malaysia

20. Project Management Consultant for the Thermal Treatment Plant Project • Appointment by the Government of Malaysia under the coordination of MHLG, since 1999/2000 • Project Management Consultant (PMC) team comprising: • Yachiyo Engineering Co. Ltd, Japan as leader • Minconsult Sdn Bhd • HSS Integrated Sdn Bhd • Engineering and Environmental Consultants Sdn Bhd

21. Conceptual Design Study by PMC for the Thermal Treatment Plant for FTKL • Conceptual Design Study Report completed in December 2000 • Planning framework: • Target year: 2025 • Total waste generation: 3,433 t/d • Recycling rate: 16% • Waste for treatment & disposal: 2,900 t/d • Thermal treatment plant: 1,200 t/d • Regional Landfill site: >1,700 t/d

22. Selection of Technology • Criteria of treatment requirements: • Maximum utilisation of resources and by-products, namely recovery of useful metals, waste heat and bottom ash utilisation • Minimise the amount of final disposal materials in safe manners • To apply the most advanced and proven satisfactorily treatment technology fulfilling the environmental standards • Two stage thermal treatment technology: • Conventional technology + ash-melting furnace • Gasification + ash-melting furnace

23. Important Features of Gasification & Ash-melting Furnace Identified in Selection • It generates syngas with high calorific value to melt residue produced • Less dioxin produced because of lower temperature in gasification and higher temperature in the melting furnace • No hazardous substance (dioxins and heavy metals) would be leached from the molten slag • The slag can be used as construction material

24. Some TTP types can treat not only MSW, but also liquids & sludge • Higher efficiency of heat recovery • Useful metals can be recovered • Energy consumption efficiency is less compared to conventional incinerators

25. Comparison Study of Thermal Treatment Technology • Three types studied: • Stoker furnace • Stoker + ash-melting furnace • Gasification + ash-melting furnace See Table:

28. Selection of Gasification & Ash-melting Furnace System See Table

30. gasification-Ash Melting Technology Fluidized-bed Gasification furnace Circular type ash melting furnace Waste Flue gas 550°C-600°C 1350°C Air Air Gasifier Sand Material Air Ash Melter Slag

32. Detailed EIA for Proposed TTP for FTKL(Main Channel of Public Participation) • First DEIA for TTP to be located at Kampong Bohol, FTKL – 2001/2002 • For MSW from FTKL only • Decided to shift location in late 2002 • Second DEIA for TTP to be located at Beroga, Selangor state – 2003/2004 • For 900 t/d of MSW from southern part of FTKL + 300 t/d of MSW from south-eastern part of Selangor state • DEIA approved in mid 2004 and this clears the way for implementation

33. Highlights of System to Be Built • Fully under the responsibility of the Federal government • To treat 1,200 t/d MSW • To reduce the weight of as-received MSW by 95% • To recover and recycle steel and aluminum components • To make use of the latent heat for power generation:

34. IV. Operations & Maintenance Consideration • Management, operations and maintenance of the TTP likely to be under priviatisation arrangement to be undertaken by private company • Sources of income: • Tipping fees • Sales of electricity to the grid (up to RM0.17/kWh) • Reference rate of tipping fees: • Current rates for disposal to landfills: RM 35-50/t

35. Thank You!