Knowledge

1. Knowledge Tacit (unarticulated) Knowledge Knowledge Explicit (Codified) Knowledge information in the right context • Knowledge becomes intellectual assest on which an organisation’s sucess is dependent. • Knowledge becomes the key competencies of organisations. • The underlying factors of this trend: • Introduction of new ICT to all level of society • Faster innovation • Shorter product cycles • The requirement for high skilled labour in many industries

2. Knowledge Life Cycle start Capture Index Knowledge Creation Knowledge Refinement Store Archive Knowledge Reuse Retrieval

3. Knowledge Management • Effectiveness of knowledge management becomes more important because: • More mobile workforce and increasing employee turnover rates – lead to loss of knowledge • Globalisation – people collaborate and exchange knowledge across continent and time zones. Technology perspective Knowledge Management Organisational culture perspective • Contribution of ICT to knowledge management: • ICT increase the availability and speed of information. • ICT support better communication between people in defined spaces – open up possibility to exchange tacit knowledge

4. Knowledge Management Lifecycle Semi- structured Unstructured Jkjlk iuogns’jkhsui jhkhpw automatic or manual extraction Knowledge Acquisition Sharing Knowledge Representation Knowledge Model visualising Knowledge Use Knowledge Management Life Cycle browsing Searching Knowledge Maintenance e.g. Middleware

5. Knowledge Model • Knowledge model is used for communicating knowledge /idea to someone • Most Knowledge management system are developed based on the different chosen type of knowledge model. • Examples: • Ladder • Decision ladder, process ladder, composition ladder, concept ladder, etc • Network Diagram • Concept map, process map, state transition map • Tabular representation • Timeline, Frames/Tables, Matrix/Grid • Hypertext • Semantic Network • Ontology (similar to concept map but conform to formalisations)

6. Example of knowledge model: Decision ladder • Description: • To show the alternative courses of action for a particular decision. • It also shows the pros and cons for each course of action, and possibly the assumptions for each pro and con • Usage: • A useful way of representing detailed process knowledge

7. Example of knowledge model: Concept map • Description: • A type of diagram that shows knowledge objects as nodes and the relationships between them as links (usually labelled arrows). Any types of concepts and relationships can be used. • Usage: • To illustrate the semantic relationships between concepts

8. Weaknesses of current KM System • Information searching • Keyword based search retrieves irrelevant information • Information Extraction • Dependent on human efforts to extract (e.g browse and read) relevant information from information sources. • Maintenance • Difficulty in keeping weakly structured text sources consistent, correct and up-to-date • Automatic document generation. • Extra efforts are needed to generate semi-structured information presentations from semi-structured data.

9. Semantic web based Knowledge Management • Semantic web • extension of the current web (Bernes-Lee, 2001) • Information becomes both human and machine understandable • Ontologies are the core of semantic web • Semantic web based knowledge management • Use of ontology reasoning • To cope with weaknesses that have been identified from current knowledge management

10. What is ontology? - This term has been used in several disciplines, from philosophy to knowledge engineering. • E.g. 1: Perspective of philosophy • Ontology is the science of what is, of the kinds and structures of objects, properties, events, processes and relations in every area of reality (Barry Smith) • E.g. 2 : Perspective of information science • An ontology is a description (like a formal specification of a program) of the concepts and relationships that can exist for an agent or a community of agents (Tom Gruber) -In general, ontology comprised concepts, concept properties, relationships between concepts and constraints. -It reflects a common undestanding of the semantics of the domain of discourse. - Ontology language is used to define vocabularies that describe the semantics of the domain of discourse.

11. Something related to ontology • Ontology languages: • XML Schema • RDF Schema • OIL • DAML+ OIL • OWL Example of ontology: • Metadata can be defined based on ontology model • There are pre-defined metadata from other sources,e.g. Wordnet. • Concept properties are similar to attributes in object-oriented programming metadata

12. Proposed methodology for semantic web based knowledge management • Feasibility Study • Focus domain for ontology • Identify people involved • Methods: observation, ethnographic study, literature study, questionnaire survey, interview, etc. • Ontology Kickoff • Requirement specification • Analyse knowledge sources • Create semi-formal description of ontology • Refinement • Knowledge elicitation with domain experts • Formalise target ontology • Evaluation • Check requirements • Test in target application • Analyse usage patterns • Maintenance & Evolution • Manage organisational maintenance process • Evolution of ontologies

13. How tacit knowledge is managed sociotechnically • A large amount of the knowledge within an organisation may be tacit: it may be personal, context-specific and difficult to write down, it has usually been transmitted socially through a master-apprentice arrangement. • More detail about tacit knowledge please see ”Polanyi, M. (1966) The Tacit Dimesion, London: Routledge and Paul” • Failure to transmit tacit knowledge through an organisation may lead to loss of expertise when people leave, failure to benefit from the experience of others, unnecessary duplication of a learning process, etc. • Transfer of explicit knowledge is usually supported via the sharing of information (along with additional meta-information). • Technically transfer of tacit knowledge is usually indirectly supported in a way to allow and encourage domain experts to contact others with shared interests or concerns.

14. Approaches developed to assist in solving knowledge intensive tasks • Some examples of knowledge intensive tasks within and between organisations: • Decision making • Strategic Planning • Creative Design Knowledge management within the A/E/C sector focuses on capturing, sharing and reusing of decision rationale and design intent for decision making support. • Various reasoning approaches have been experimented to achieve the task: • Model-based approach (e.g. IDEAL) • Case-based approach (e.g. ARCHIE, CASECAD) • Argumentation-based approach • History-based approach • Device-based approach • Process-based approach • Active-document based approach

15. Define early design stage based on literature studies

16. E-mail to download T upload T T Fax to Face-to-face group meeting in physical workspace Form internal model + store Paper-based review Observation from Case Studies

17. Need Communication Walkthrough collaboration activities of early design phase • Negotiation • Compromise • Agreement Imaging Presenting Collaborative Design (loose couple) • Produce • Refer to Is summarisd to Meeting minutes • Inception & feasibility • Outline proposals • Scheme Design IT-CODE:M3 • Integrate • Manage • Meeting minutes • programs • Sketches • Drawings • Etc. Early design phase • Make context of information explicit • Reason context of information with ontology Design information & knowledge Use template based UI to record meeting minutes Backtrack information Organise the weakly structured information with ontology model Auto-annotation Team organísational structure, tasks, responsibilities, when to get involved, profit sharing... Manual Annotation • Who (creator/supporter/mitigator)? • What (content)? • When (date/stage of process)? • Where (location)? • How (agree/disagree)? • Why (design intent) Stakeholders Organise project team structure Ontology reasoning • Design-build • Design-bid-build • Management Contracting Partnering Use Case Procurement methods

18. artifact Notations of the Rich Picture Diagram integrate Asdsd adadd

19. Minutes Reference No. Project Name Action taking date Meeting Date Action taker Meeting Location Meeting Type Meeting Participants Section Title Info Block 1 Section Info Block 2 Generic Structure of Paper-based Meeting Minutes

20. Object Meta-tag ”Following his initial review of the option 3 layout drawings, Jack advised that the deletion of one floor would reduce total vertical loads and the structural vertical member sizes are expect to be reduced.” (an excerpt of informantion block from meeting minutes) Design intent & Decision rationale in Discussion content A piece of information is analogous as an object Collaboration process oriented Object Meta-tag Relation Questions raised: • What is the information about? • Who creates the information? • Why is the information created? • When is the information created? • How is the information created? • Where to find the information?

21. <Location> URL:http://xxx.xx <Container type> meeting minutes has_location <Name> <Container ID> ESD23456 has_name <Participant> <Project stage> is_contained_in has_ID <Role> <Agreement>Deletion of 1 floor...expect to be reduced. is_made_at has_role agrees_with reviews is_made_at <Alternative> <Agreement> Bla bla bla improves has_role causes has_name proposes <Participant> is_made_at Ontology drafting

22. Ontology written in OWL: ProjectOnto...1

23. Annotator of Info (information) Block The date when the issue/idea is discussed Section title wherein this info block is organised The content of the discussed issue/idea Title of the discussed issue/idea The person who raises the issue/idea for discussion Minutes that contain this info block. Date of minutes is displayed. Details of minutes can be viewed by pressing the V button Action taker The date when the completion of the assigned task is expected

24. Contextualise Relationships between Ideas/Issues Bind ideas/issues with context dependent relations Title of the discussed issues/ideas. Detailed description is available by double clicking the symbol. Categorise ideas/issues

25. Group Discussion • Tasks: • You are required to form groups of 5-6. • Discuss the following assignment question in group. Discussion time : 1 hour 30 minutes • Share your discussion result(s) in front of the class (yes, it means to present the discussion results). Each group will have 10 minutes to present the results. You are required to submit your presentation material(s) at the end of the class. • Assignment question: • As mentioned in the course material, knowledge is one of the important strategic resources of an organisation. Knowledge has been identified as intellectual asset that may improve competencies of organisations, and most knowledge is tacit. Anthony is a famous architect in the city and he owns an architectural firm for more than 20 years with 50 employees work under him. Anthony faces dilemmas of high employee turnover rate, increased mobile workforce and globalisation, which challenge his mode of practice. If you were asked to spend some time to help Anthony out of these dilemmas with your background knowledge and ICT skills, what will you do? • Hints: • Firstly, you may use your own fantasy to illustrate the current mode of practice of Anthony’s architectural firm. • Secondly, you may analyse in depth why Anthony needs to change his mode of practice. You may need to specify the methodology you use for your analysis (e.g interview, ethnographic study, etc). • You may use your fantasy filtered with what you have learnt from this course (Master of IT and Building Management) to draft a new system for Anthony’s firm that may cope with Anthony’s problems that you stated previously. REMEMBER to share with us ALL of your results of discussions.