Cities are the centre of population and industrial activity

2. Cities are the centre of population and industrial activity • Cities play an extremely important role in national economy and social development: • Maintain urban sustainability • Improve urban carrying capacity for population, resources and environment • Coordinate urban and rural economic and social development

3. Scientific planning, legal management and improving systems • Planning that meets the needs of accelerating and sustainable development of cities • Development of plans based on urban environmental capacity, resource carrying capacity and carrying capacity for population • Regulating and managing construction and development

4. Urban-Rural Development • Developing economy and urban employment capacity • Establishing unified urban-rural labour force markets • Eliminating various discriminative employment policies toward migrant workers • Strengthening employment service system for transferring rural workers and improving their employability • Integrating public service resources to meet the requirements of migrant workers

5. Pollution prevention and urban ecological environment incorporating migrant workers • Pollution control • Clean production technology, equipment, etc. • Household registration system, social security system and land system • Urban community management system

6. Health, Safety and Wellbeing • Approach to a regulatory framework appropriate to the specific circumstances

7. Approaches to OSH Regulatory Framework • In the context of the rapidly changing world of work, it is important to determine what kind of measures are most likely to influence organizational behaviour and improve OHS outcomes, while being: • Enforceable • Capable of implementation • At an acceptable cost under the particular circumstances.

8. The regulatory process needs to ensure that: • As work relationships changes, responsibilities continue to rest on those with real control and influence on health, safety and well-being • All relevant risks continue to be given due attention • The diversity of organizations – large, medium, small, micro and sole operator are recognized, and • Structural changes such as downsizing, outsourcing, etc. are taken into consideration

9. Four main options are available • Specification standards • General duties • Performance-based, and • Systematic process/system-based

10. Coverage of risks is expanding • Physical or chemical hazards • Hazardous work • Biological changes • Psycho-social concerns • Job design • Human interactions • Organizational culture • Life-style considerations

11. Specification Standards • Outline precisely what prevention measures to take • Compliance can be readily ascertained • Applies equally to all relevant • Suits where specific prohibitions or control measures apply • May overlook behaviour or unspecified risks • Do not allow alternative solutions and may stifle innovation • No incentive for continuous improvement of occupational health and safety outcomes and performance • Less suited to control risks that change over time

12. General Duties – “Principle-based” • Duty to take all (reasonably) practical measures • Codify principles of negligence established under the common law and impose duties of care • Requires attention to a wide range of risks • Do not date quickly and allows innovation

13. General Duties – “Principle-based” (cont’d) • Entails considerable uncertainty for duty holders and inspectors • Not explicit regarding attention to a wider range of risks • Require reinforcement by regulations or evidentiary standards to clarify the nature and extent of responsibilities

14. Performance-based Standards • Specify the outcome of the occupational health and safety improvement or the designed level of performance • Concrete measures are left open for duty holder to adapt to local circumstances • Two types • A)measurable outcome eg. exposure levels • B)describe performance outcomes, eg. ergonomic, remote or isolated work

15. Performance-based Standards (cont’d) • Can accommodate change – technology or organizational • Do not require a holistic approach to risk management • Do not provide incentives for continuous improvement

16. Systems Process / Systems-based Standards • Identify a particular process or series of steps to be followed • A holistic approach to manage occupational health and safety • A systematic occupation health and safety management system (OHSMS) to plan, organize, implement and maintain action and for continuous improvement

17. Systems Process / Systems-based Standards (cont’d) • Senior management drives OHSMS strategy • Comprehensive approach to risk management • Active involvement of workers • Understanding and “know-how” to support and resource OHSMS activities • Monitoring, auditing and continuous improvement

19. Types of Standards Characteristic Specification General Duty Performance Systematic OHSM Specifies preventive measures  Defines OHS outcomes Very broadly  Provides processes for pursuing OHS improvements Includes some  Comprehensive coverage of hazards Only as mandated  Only as mandated  Accommodates to changes in technology and work    Allows alternative preventive measures and innovation    Addresses organizational factors influencing OHS performance Not explicity  Encourages compliance above minimum requirements and continuous improvement Does not impede  Provides benchmark of compliance (for duty holders and enforcers)  If clearly defined Characteristics of Different Types of Standards

20. Thank You For further information contact: Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety Hamilton, Ontario, Canada Web Site: www.ccohs.ca