References

1. References https://www.sciencenews.org/article/early-exposure-signing-helps-deaf-kids-mental-task?tgt=nr (2016) www.vl2@Gallaudet.edu(New brain and neuroscience research) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dq5ctDmOVEU(Critical period effects) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h5ZqKMgXciU(Early Intervention: The Missing Link) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ghuuQ6hOB1U(Why ASL?) https://mail.google.com/mail/u/0/?pli=1#inbox/14c6c83875a5680c?projector=1(BICS and CALP) http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/06/09/peds.2014-1632?variant=abstract&sso=1&sso_redirect_count=1&nfstatus=401&nftoken=00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000000&nfstatusdescription=ERROR%3a+No+local+token(Should All Deaf Children Learn ASL?) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22906641 (Sign language from a very early age, before cochlear implantation, appears to improve the ability to learn spoken language after cochlear implantation) http://www.joanwink.com/scheditems/Cummins-ppt.pdf (Jim Cummins Language Theories PowerPoints)

2. Topic 1: Critical Period 1. (Morford, J.P., & Mayberry, R. I. (2000). A Reexamination of “Early Exposure” and Its Implications for Language Acquisition by Eye. In C. Chamberlain, J. Morford & R. Mayberry (Eds.), Language Acquisition by Eye. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.A Critical Period exists for young signers before entering the school system at age 5.2. Lennenberg, E. H. (1967) Biological foundations of language. New York, NY: John Wiley and Sons.Critical Periods are linked to the brain’s physical ability to acquire language.  Topic 2: First year phonological development and benefits of a strong L1(Phonological Development)3) Spencer, P., & Harris, M. (2006). Patterns and effects of language input to deaf infants and toddlers from deaf and hearing mothers. In Marschark, M. & Spencer P. Advances in the sign language development of deaf children. New York: Oxford University Press.- Motherese enhances the accessibility of L1 for babies at early stages.4) Pizer, G, Walters, K & Meier, R. P. (2007) Bringing Up Baby with Baby Signs: Language Ideologies and Socialization in Hearing Families. Sign Language Studies 7(4), 387-430. - Joint Attention provides a rich opportunity for vocabulary development. 5) Petitto, L. A. & Marentette, P. (1991). Babbling in the manual mode: Evidence for the ontogeny of language. Science, 251, 1483-1496. - Babbling allows the baby to play with the language’s linguistic features, regardless of modality. 6) Anderson, D. & Reilly, J. (2002). The MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory: Normative Data for American Sign Language. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 7(2), 83-106. - Babies can develop lexicons of up to 150 words by 10 months.7) Fenson, L., Tomasello, M., Mervis, C. B., & Stiles, J. (1994). Variability in early communicative development. Chicago, Ill: Society for Research in Child Development.- Deaf babies produce larger vocabulary lists than hearing babies before 36 months. (Strong L1 ASL benefits)8) Vernon, M. & Koh, S. (1970). Effects of manual communication on deaf children's educational achievement, linguistic competence, oral skills, and psychological development. American Annals of the Deaf, 16, 527-536. - See sentence under #9.9) Strong, M. & Prinz, Philip M. (1997). A study of the Relationship Between American Sign Language and English Literacy. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 2(1), 37-46. - Deaf of Deaf excelled on reading and academic achievement compared to Oral Deaf of hearing parents 

3. 10) Stuckless, R., & Birch, J. (1966). The influence of early manual communication on the linguistic development of deaf children. American Annals of the Deaf, 106, 436-480. - Deaf of Deaf excelled on reading comprehension, written language and speech reading 11) Brasel, K. E. & Quigley, S. P. (1977). Influence of certain language and communication environments in early childhood on the development of language in deaf individuals. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 20, 95-107. - Early signers excelled better than oral students on the language section of the SAT 12) Wilbur, R. B. (2000). The use of ASL to support the development of English and literacy. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education. 5(1), 81-104. - Early signers can achieve in the L2 acquisition of English Topic 3: Impacts of a delayed L1 interventionLate signers will struggle with:13) Mayberry, R. I. (2002). Cognitive development of deaf children: The interface of language and perception in neuropsychology. In S. J. Segaolwitz & I. Rapin (Eds.) Handbook of Neuropsychology, 2nd Edition, 8(2), 71-107. 2nd edition, Amsterdam: Elsvier.-L2 English Acquisition 14) See citation # 13.15) Emmorey, K. & Corina, D. (1990). Lexical recognition in sign language: Effects of phonetic structure and morphology. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 71, 1227-1252.-Processing L1 ASL information 16) Mayberry, R. I. (1993). First-language acquisition after childhood differs from second-language acquisition: The case of American Sign Language. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 36, 1258-1270.

4. Research from Rhode Island Commission for the DHH 1Mark Marschark, “Raising and Educating a Deaf Child”, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997, 135-136. 2Lawrence Seigel, “The Educational and Communication Needs of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children”, American Annals of the Deaf 145 (2000); 64-77 3Commission on Education of the Deaf, Toward Equality, 17 4National Association of the Deaf, Silver Spring, MD 5Amy Wilson-Stronks and Erica Galvez, Hospitals, Language, and Culture: A Snap-shot of the Nation, The Joint Commission, 2007.