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Loanwords in the Irish language

Loanwords in the Irish language. Reflecting where we came from. Why loanwords?. Loanword: A word adopted from another language and completely or partially naturalized ( American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language) Borrowing a foreign word implies the underlying concept is foreign

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Loanwords in the Irish language

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  1. Loanwords in the Irish language Reflecting where we came from

  2. Why loanwords? • Loanword: A word adopted from another language and completely or partially naturalized (American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language) • Borrowing a foreign word implies the underlying concept is foreign • Many concepts tend to be not language-independent • Languages conceptualize differently

  3. Naming a new concept in a target language • Can be complex and involve many steps • Deep knowledge of both languages (at least) • Research on the concept (and related concepts) • Discussion • Consensus • Effective method of dissemination • Requires system and training and resources • Implies awareness, prioritization and planning at management level

  4. No blank slates in terminology work • There is always going to be history in the development of language and vocubulary • We must examine the history to identify patterns • Building on the patterns we develop a system • Modify or update the system as circumstances change • Terminology and language are always in flux

  5. Cognates • Before loanwords we had cognates... • Cognate words are related in origin, as certain words in genetically related languages descended from the same ancestral root (American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language) • Indo-European languages: a family of languages comprising those spoken in most of Europe and in the parts of the world colonized by Europeans since 1500 and also in Persia, the subcontinent of India, and some other parts of Asia (Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary) • Some Indo-European cognates follow ->

  6. Loanwords and travel • Loanwords arise from contact between one language community and another • Contact may take the form of • Foreign trading or professional involvement • Foreign travel, living abroad, emigration • Incoming travellers, traders, missionaries, settlers, colonizers • Foreign media (news, literature, art, film, the Internet)

  7. Loanwords and history • An accelerated influx of loanwords into a language usually accompanies major sociopolitical, sociocultural, or socioeconomic change • Study of loanwords reveals historical fault lines

  8. Loanwords and Irish: a brief history • 5th C: Christianity – borrowings from Latin • 8th C: Vikings – borrowings from Norse • 12th C: Normans – borrowings from French • 15th/16th C: British colonization – borrowings from English • 17th C: conquest or flight of the native ruling class – English becomes dominant language • 17th – 19th C: Irish the language of the marginalized • 20th C: independence - attempt to preserve the language -> terminology needed for textbooks, legislation, media • 21st C: Language Act, EU status -> major translation industry

  9. A closer look From Latin many loanwords about writing

  10. ... and religious matters

  11. An even closer look ecliseclaiseclaseglaisæclisęclaiseagluiseglasecailseæcaillseecalséecalseecailsiecalsieagailseeagailsieguilsieclaiseeaglaiseeagluise e(a)gluisieglaisiecolsoecolsaæcolsaæccalsaǽccalsaecalsaegalsaeaccalsaecalsææcilsoeccailsieagluiseadheeagluiseachaeagalsaeclasaeeculsaecailsibeagailsibhegluisibhecalsaibeaglaseagluiseadheagalsadh eclais, eclasi, ī, ā, f. (eccles-) ns.eclisWb 16 d 6 . indeclais Tur. 60 . (ind) eclas SR 4421.4923 .  LU 116 a 38 . Fél. p. 4 .  BB 341 a 45 .  PH 3423 .  6896 . an eglais, O'Dowley 15.11 . vs. a eclais Ml 65 d 14 .  66 c 1 . as.æclisWb 28 d 26 . ęclais Ml 65 d 5 . eclais SR 4440 . eagluis  1 Cor. xvi 19 . eglasYBL 154 b 22 . ds.æclisWb 11 d 16 .  28 d 24 . eclais Ml 64 c 5 .  66 c 2 .  SR 4484 . gs. (a) (inna) ecailse Ml 65 d 1 .  Tur. 48 .  LU 30 a 25 . æcaillseWb 22 c 20 . ecalsé SR 4242 . ecalse, Cáin Ad. § 39 .  § 45 . ecailsi IT i 186.15 .  SR 4924 .  Trip. 16.31 ;  28.13 . ecalsi, Cáin Ad. § 34 .  Trip. 2.18 . eagailse, TSh. 3475 . eagailsi,  Studies 1919, 439 . eguilsi,  Fl. Earls 20.27 . (b) eclaise,  Laws iii 10.16 . eaglaise, GF,  Ir. Monthly 1919, 623 § 15 . eagluise,  Acts viii 1 .  Rev. ii 1 .  Luc. Fid. 389 z . e(a)gluisi,  Rom. xvi 5.   2 Cor. i 1 . eglaisi, O'Dowley 15.15 ;  20.20 . (c) ecolsoWb 13 a 3 . ecolsa 11 d 6 . æcolsa 12 b 18 .  13 a 27 . æccalsa 9 c 7 . ǽccalsa 7 c 8 . ecalsa, Lism. L. 2459 .  2553 . Acall. 2888 . Ériu ii 204.20 .  Arch. iii 307 § 17 . egalsa, Cáin Ad. § 53 . eaccalsa,  Studies 1921, 75 . ecalsæ, BColm. 26.2 . æcilsoWb 22 c 11 . np. (a) ecailsi RC xxvi 38.9 . eccailsi, Cáin Ad. § 31 . ecalsi,  Laws v 14.10 . Cáin Ad. § 30 . (b) eagluiseadhe [sic ]  1 Cor. xvi 19 . eagluiseacha,  Rom. xvi 4 .  Rev. i 20 . (c) ecalsaLism. L. 3923 . eagalsa RC xxvi 38 n. 9 . ap. (a) ecailsi,  Trip. 110.18 . (b) eclasae 122.2 . (c) eculsa, Fél. 4.17 . dp. (a) ecailsib,  Trip. 8.2 . Maund. 50 . eagailsibh, Keat. iii. 310 . (b) egluisibh,  Rev. ii 13 .  iii 22 . (c) ecalsaib, Lism. L. 36 . gp. (a) eclas PH 5589 .  Todd Lect. v 58.11 . (eclaise PH 1663 , etc.  is not written out in the MS.) eaglasIGT , Decl. § 130 . (b) eagluiseadh,  Rev. i 20 . IGT , Decl. § 127 . eagalsadh § 130 .

  12. Loanwords from Norse

  13. Loanwords from French

  14. More loanwords from French

  15. A few stray loanwords

  16. Early loanwords from English Eating and drinking • Béile < meal • Branda < brandy • Bríbhéir < brewer • Cabáiste < cabbage • Candaí < candy • Cearbhas, carbuaid < caraway • Dinnéar < dinner • Leitís < lettuce • Liocras < liquorice • Liomóin < lemon • Luáiste < lovage • Sáiste < sage • Scailliún < scallion • Siocaire < chicory • Sinséar < ginger • Suipéar < supper Clothing & furnishings • Bríste < breeches • Clóca < cloak • Cóta < coat • Cufa < cuff • Cuilt < quilt • Cuirtín < curtain • Cúisín < cushion • Hata < hat • Húda < hood • Lása < lace • Líneáil < lining • Ómra < amber • Pota < pot • Scarfa < scarf • Sciorta < skirt • Stoca < stocking Home & hardware • Bosca < box • Bríce < brick • Cairt < cart • Campa < camp • Cárta < quart, card • Cíle < keel • Cistin < kitchen • Clós < yard • Corda < cord, rope • Hanla < handle • Hinse < hinge • Laitís < lattice • Lampa < lamp • Róp < rope • Scafall < scaffolding Personal needs • Compord < comfort • Crampa < cramp • Dochtúir < doctor • Poitigéir < apothecary • Scóip < scope • Seirbhís < service • Sólás <solace Commerce • Costas < cost • Dosaen < dozen • Lastas < cargo • Léas < lease • Liosta < list • Lóistín < lodging • Pingin < penny • Scór < score • Sórt < sort

  17. An ontology of loanwords Guess the concept field! cóta, clóca, seaicéad, bríste, treabhsar, gúna, róba, sciorta, hata, caipín, bairéad, scarbh, carbhat, stoca, cnaipe, búcla, cufa, coiléar

  18. Features of loanwords from Latin 3 primary features are evident in these loanwords • Latin endings –um, -us, -is, -io are dropped • Vowel sounds are kept long or short as in the original Latin • Consonants are kept broad or slender as in Irish orthography Mod.Ir. Mid.or Early Mod.Ir. Latin criostal < cristall (8th C) < crystallum airgead < argat (9th C) < argentum ciogal < cicul (9th C) < cyclus maighnéad < maignéit (AD 988) < magnetum stoidiaca < stodiace (AD 1400) < zodiacus éiclips < éiclips (1694) < eclipsis

  19. Since 1922 • Much activity focussed on standardization of spelling and grammar (1940s and 50s) • On lexicography and terminology work • On provision of textbooks, atlases, etc. • Bilingual signage for place-names • Irish-medium radio and television, newsprint • Provision of bilingual services arising from 2003 Language Act • EU official language 2007 – translators, interpreters

  20. Approaches to terminology work • Collection of indigenous terminology in surviving domains • Devising new terms using native words or parts of words • Calques • Loanwords transcribed • Loanwords left unchanged • Standardization, harmonization

  21. Transcribing loanwords Criteria as to what to transcribe • Proper names • people • places • movements • organizations • titles • acronyms • Terms • technical • scientific • other terms when all else fails!

  22. Rules for transcribing loanwords • Transcribe the term syllable by syllable • Study the etymology • Study the Greek, Latin or other roots for vowel length • Rules provide for consonants which do not exist in Irish or which only appear in certain positions • Rules provide for diphthongs which do not exist in Irish • Rules provide for slenderizing or broadening consonants when putting the syllables together • Common scientific endings have been standardized • Rules provide for application of aspiration and hyphenation rules in transcribed loanwords

  23. Challenges • Lack of discourse • Some speakers not interested and prefer to use English terms • Not enough engagement by universities in the fields of terminology and lexicography • Rules are complicated and were applied and understood by language experts • Growing translation industry creating the need to clarify rules

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