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Wildlife Animal User Training

Wildlife Animal User Training. The University of Montana. Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee. Objectives. Ensuring safety Of you & your co-workers Of animals Occupational health program Review of zoonotic diseases of wildlife. Protecting Yourself . Situation awareness

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Wildlife Animal User Training

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  1. Wildlife Animal User Training The University of Montana Institutional Animal Care & Use Committee

  2. Objectives • Ensuring safety • Of you & your co-workers • Of animals • Occupational health program • Review of zoonotic diseases of wildlife

  3. Protecting Yourself • Situation awareness • “Perception of environmental elements within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future” Endsley, M. R. (1995) • “Knowing what is going on so you can figure out what to do” Adam, E. C. (1993)

  4. Situation Awareness • Necessary components • Knowledge of environment, terrain & their special concerns • Anticipation of changing conditions • Rapid collection & processing of new information • Training in how to respond appropriately • Always staying alert & engaged

  5. Special Environments • Desert/arid conditions • Hyperthermia • Dehydration • Winter/mountainous conditions • Hypothermia • Frostbite • Avalanche • Snow blindness

  6. Lack of or Inadequate Situation Awareness One of the primary factors in accidents is attributed to human error

  7. Safety Training • Single most important component of being prepared & staying safe • Training provided by principal investigator (PI) may include • Survival • Injury prevention • First aid • Team communication

  8. Common Field Injuries • Knee & ankle fromslips & falls • Stings & bites • Known allergy? carry MD-prescribed epinephrine pen (“epi pen”) • Muscle strain from lifting or falling

  9. Common Field Injuries • Driving accidents can result in serious injury or death • Highway • Off-road vehicles • ATVs, snow mobiles • Proper training required • ALWAYS wear a HELMET

  10. Basic Personal Safety • Use appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) As necessary, • Gloves • Sturdy boots • Eye protection • Coveralls • Mask or respirator

  11. Basic Safety Principles • Sharps containers  small sizes available for field work • Good hygiene  especially hands  waterless hand sanitizer (2 & 4.5 oz bottles) • Protect human food and water • Communicate with your team

  12. In Case of Accident . . . • Seek medical attentionas necessary • Work related?  tell medical provider • Worker’s comp claim • Supervisor will have forms or find at www.umt.edu/research/Eh/workerscomp/accidentinvest1.docx • Accident reporting packet in glove box of UM vehicles

  13. Injury from Animals • Bites/scratches • Clean & disinfect ASAP • Consider aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen for pain/inflammation • Antibiotics from MD may be needed • Kicks/blunt trauma • Large ruminants  blows to the head, chest or abdomen can cause internal injuries • First aid, then medical attention

  14. Early Reporting of Injury • Absolutely imperativeto inform • Direct Supervisor • Principal Investigator • Co-workers when in remote field areas • Any unusual symptoms  seek medical help immediately • Best defense is a good offense  Provide a complete history to assist physicians

  15. Keeping Animals Safe • Situation Awareness • Knowledge • Training • Co-workers Group training in blood collection before going to the field

  16. Danger to You? Danger to Them • Weather danger • Heat • Overheating, dehydration • Heat stress (including fish)  all magnified by capture • Trap/capture cool times of day & provide shade • Provide moist food to prevent dehydration • Cool packs for drugged animals • Reduce stress  minimize shrill noises, cover eyes, monitor for shock

  17. Weather Danger • Cold • Hypothermia, slowed metabolism & anesthetic recovery • Warm packs for anesthetized animals • Provide nest material for warmth • Provide food for energy • Monitor body temperature & vital signs

  18. Euthanasia • IACUC requires each Animal Use Protocol (AUP) to have a euthanasia contingency plan for serious injury to animals • Serious injury – compound fractures, gaping wounds to chest/abdomen, severe unresponsive shock, head trauma – that precludes survival in the wild • 2013 AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia www.avma.org/KB/Policies/Documents/euthanasia.pdf

  19. Occupational Health • Why? • Mandatory for UM to maintain animal research program accreditation • Why us? • Everyone listed on an AUP must and any one else interested may participate

  20. Risk Assessment • IACUC sponsored occupational health monitoring program to protect you • Risk assessment performed by occupational health physician based on info you provide • All medical info stored confidentially at physician’s office • www.umt.edu/research/compliance/IACUC/ohs/riskassessment.php

  21. Review: Zoonotic Diseases • Zoonosis review is a requirement for accreditation of UM animal research program • Zoonosis = disease that can be transferred from animals to humans • Many of the diseases reviewed may be transferred from tissues & body fluids of dead or live animals

  22. Rabies • Rhabdovirus • Fatal if no treatment or vaccine protection • Infects all warm-blooded mammals • Sylvatic rabies  wildlife in life cycle • Photo credits - CDC “Mad” Rabies

  23. Rabies • “Dumb” rabies • Wildlife • Lose fear of humans • Unusually “friendly” • Uncharacteristic places • Uncharacteristic times of day • Neurological signs • Photo credits - CDC Rabid fox

  24. Rabies • Wildlife reservoirs in US • Raccoons (38%) • Skunks (30%) • Bats (17%) • Foxes (6%) Silver-haired bat

  25. Rabies Incidence in U.S. • CDC

  26. Rabies Transmission • Animal bites (virus in saliva) • Contamination of broken skin • Aerosol in bat caves • Corneal, liver, kidney transplant from infected donor • 1-2 human cases/year in U.S. most often bat-associated

  27. Rabies Clinical Signs • 75% humans ill < 90 days after bite wound • Nausea, vomiting, headache • Tingling and pain on side of body where bite located • Furious and paralytic forms • Cause of death usually respiratory failure during paralytic phase CDC Negri bodies – large pink inclusions in cytoplasm of brain cells – diagnose Rabies

  28. Rabies Prevention • Avoid close contact with wild animals exhibiting unusual behavior • Consider pre-exposure immunization if work is high-risk • Report animal bites immediately: post-exposure treatment should start within 24 hours

  29. Hantavirus • Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) • 1993 - Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) • Sin Nombre virus • Wildlife reservoir - Peromyscus maniculatus CDC CDC

  30. Sin Nombre Incidence 2013

  31. Sin Nombre Transmission • Aerosol of deer mouse urine or feces • Contaminated hands  mucous membranes • Contaminated food • Bite transmission rare • 30-35% fatality rate

  32. Sin Nombre Clinical Signs • Incubation 9 to 33 days • High fever, malaise, muscle or joint aches, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headaches, respiratory distress, cough CDC Early stage of disease CDC Middle stage of disease

  33. Sin Nombre Prevention • Personal protective equipment • Gloves, coveralls, boots • Work upwind of animals • Work in the sun, if possible • Wear a respirator • Fit-test through Environmental Health & Risk Management

  34. Plague • Yersinia pestis • Nonmotile, Gram – rod • “Black Death” • 3 forms (mortality): • Bubonic • Septicemic (5-50%) • Pneumonic (20%) CDC Gangrene of fingers – a complication of plague

  35. Prairie Dog Plague • > 200 species rodent reservoirs: prairie dogs, rats, marmots, hares, chipmunks, ground squirrels • Xenopsylla cheopis rat flea – regurgitates up to 20,000 plague bacteria from “blocked” gut CDC CDC

  36. Plague in Animals • Pin-point hemorrhage  petechiae • Swollen lymph nodes • Respiratory disease • Photo credits - CDC

  37. Plague Transmission • Bites of infected rodent fleas • Entry into breaks in skin when handling infected rodents or rabbits; wild carnivores that eat infected prey • Domestic cats highly susceptible – aerosol or handling • Dogs and cats can carry rat fleas

  38. Plague Clinical Signs • Illness 2-6 days after infection • Swollen lymph gland, fever, chills, headache, extreme exhaustion • Photo credits - CDC

  39. Plague Clinical Signs • Cough, bloody sputum, increased heart rate, shock, DIC • Gangrene of fingers and toes CDC 1 month after finger amputation for gangrene

  40. Plague Prevention • Prevent flea infestation • Handle wild rodents with appropriate PPE • Do not handle wild rodents with petechial hemorrhages • Four Corners area of the US high incidence

  41. Tularemia • Francisellatularensis • Aerobic, gram - coccobacillus • > 10 organisms • 1.4% fatality rate • Arthropods in life cycle CDC Rhipicephalus sanguineus “Brown dog tick”

  42. Tularemia Transmission • Bites by infected arthropods • Ticks • Handling infectious tissues • Contaminated food, water, soil • Inhalation of infective aerosols • No human to human transmission

  43. Tularemia Clinical Signs • Fever, headache, chills, body aches (low back), nasal discharge, sore throat • Substernal pain, cough, anorexia, weight loss, weakness CDC CDC

  44. Tularemia Prevention • Personal protective equipment when skinning hares or rodents • Check for ticks daily & remove • Use repellants if possible CDC Wild hare – common culprit for disease transmission to hunters from bare-handed field skinning

  45. West Nile Virus • Flavivirus • Horses & humans  encephalitis • Bird reservoirs: corvids • Spread by mosquitoes CDC CDC Ochlerotatusjaponicus

  46. WNV Clinical Signs • Incubation 3-14 days • 80% infected humans show no symptoms • 20% mild symptoms: fever, headache, body aches, nausea, rash • 1 in 150 infected  severe disease (e.g., stupor, coma, convulsions, paralysis)

  47. West Nile Virus in the U.S. As of December 3, 2013 Legend Positive Test Results No Positive Test Results Cumulative Total Entire Country: 2,318

  48. West Nile Virus Prevention • Long-sleeved shirts and long pants, when possible • Bug Tamer™ apparel (Shannon Outdoors, Inc) • Mosquito repellant – DEET for skin • Avoid dusk to dawn hours outside • Avoid areas of standing water • www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2005-155/

  49. Q Fever CDC • Coxiellaburnetti • Sheep, goats, cattle • 1 organism can cause disease • Placental tissues • Spread by • Aerosol • Hands CDC

  50. Q Fever Clinical Signs • 50% infected get ill in 2-3 weeks • 30-50% infected get pneumonia • Headache, malaise, muscle aches, confusion, GI signs, weight loss, hepatitis • 1-2% fatality rate • Chronic infection  endocarditis • 65% chronic cases end in death

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