Promoting Science and Research for developing Innovations and Entrepreneurs

1. Promoting Science and Research for developing Innovations and Entrepreneurs OGADA Tom WIPO National Roving Workshops on Intellectual Property Strategy, Nampula, February 9-10, 2006

2. CONTENTS OF THE PRESENTATION • Stages for technological development • Constraints for promoting Innovation and Entrepreneurs through S&T • Innovation and Inventions Support Systems • Examples of success from outside Africa • Conclusions

3. Six Stages for technological development

4. Stage One • Local Manpower • Have simple skills like driving and assembly work • Supervisory work done by expatriated • Universities and R&D institutions • Universities few and concentrate on humanities • R&D institution non-existence • University –Industry Linkages • Linkages Not existing • TTr and commercialization of R&D not practiced • Concept of Intellectual Property • Not known in universities and R&D institutions

5. Stage Two • Local Manpower • Train on supervision • Expatriate do general management • Universities and R&D institutions • Universities start teaching science and technology using expatriate lecturers • Locals sent abroad to acquire high level training in science and technology to built capacity for university and R&D research • University –Industry Linkages • Linkages Not existing and TT of R&D not practiced • Concept of Intellectual Property • Not known in universities and R&D institutions

6. Stage Three • Local Manpower • Local capacity developed for Svience, engineering and technology • Universities and R&D institutions • Locals start teaching and doing research in universities and R&D institutions • Bulk of research is funded from abroad and meets the research needs of foreign sponsors • University –Industry Linkages • Linkages and TT weak • Concept of Intellectual Property • Little attention given to IP

7. Stage Four • Local Manpower • Local capacity in science, engineering and technology developed • Technologies developed elsewhere is being adapted to local conditions • Technologies developed • Universities and R&D institutions • Researchers start addressing local problems • University –Industry Linkages • Linkages start coming up • Concept of Intellectual Property • IP embraced and annual reports include IP generated and registered

8. Stage Five • Local Manpower • Local capacity in to produce machines using local materials and suitable for local conditions • Universities and R&D institutions • Local Scienstists and Researchers involved in applied and demand driven research • University –Industry Linkages • Linkages strong • Concept of Intellectual Property • IP integrated in to the research culture of the university and R&D institution

9. Stage Six • Local Manpower • Local capacity available to produce machines which produce machines • Universities and R&D institutions • High level research • University –Industry Linkages • R&D institutions produce industries • Concept of Intellectual Property • IP integrated in to the research culture of the university and R&D institution

10. Current Characteristics of Universities and R&D Institutions

11. Current Characteristics of Universities and R&D Institutions Positive • There is adequate capacity for STI • Our own are involved in teaching and research at universities and R&D institutions

12. Current Characteristics of Universities and R&D Institutions Negative • The contribution of universities and R&D institutions on economic development has remained poor • R&D are expensive investment and the society expect a return on the investment. Yet our findings remain gathering dusts in the shelf • Likages with industries has remained weak, yet experience from abroad shows that it is only through technology transfer that viable linkages can be sustained

13. Constraints of Promoting Innovation and Entrepreneurs through Science and Research

14. Constraints from the Industry Limited contract and sponsored research from the industry • Industry see universities as theoretical • Industry see universities as difficult to deal with due to • Bureaucracy • Inability to meet deadlines • Inability to produce reports • Lack of accountability and responsibility • Industry does not know of the capability of universities and R&D institutions

15. Constraints from the Universities and R&D Institutions • No mechanisms for dealing with industry • Prefer non-commercial partnership which depends on the goodwill of the industry • Lack skill for managing the generation, protection and commercial exploitation of R&D • Slow in decision making

16. Constraints from the Researcher • Researchers do not have business skills required to convert their R&D findings into products • The process of commercialization require business. Marketing, legal , Negotiation and other skills which are not found in a researchers

17. Support Systems for Promoting Innovation and Entrepreneurs out of R&D activities

18. Support Systems • Business Incubation Systems • Technology Transfer Centers • University Based Companies • Industry or science Parks

19. Business Incubator • Coaches new business and provide support until maturity • Provides the following services • Developing business plans • Marketing services • Financial services • Legal Services • Operating premises

20. Technology Transfer Offices Obtained 66 Articles (1999-2004) • Links R&D institution with industry • Manages the process of generation, protection and commercialization of R&D results • Undertake technology licensing

21. Technology Parks • Connects researchers with investors • Pilots new technologies • Generates companies through spin-offs • Attract contract and sponsored research

22. University Based Companies • Connects researchers with investors • Pilots new technologies • Generates companies through spin-offs • Attract contract and sponsored research • Promotes consultancy and shortcourses

23. EXAMPLES • Germany • USA • Sweden • Mexico • Venezuela • Korea • India • Kenya

24. GERMANY • Research Contracts • University of Aachen • 32 000 students • 800 employees based on CR • Technology Transfer Centers • Steinbeis Foundation • 405 TTC • 20 000 SMEs • 82 million Euro generated • Business Incubation Services • Aachen Business Incubator • 85 COMPANIES COACHED • SUCCESS RATE 80% • Graduation in three years

25. SWEDEN Technology or Science Park • Assist researchers to commercialize innovation • Trains researchers on entrepreneurship and Innovation • Supports high tech spin off companies • Acts as business incubator Chalmers University of Technology • Lack IP awareness by court 240 spin off companies in 30 years

26. USA • TTO within the university important • Pressure on R&D to justify investment • US AUTM reports a total of 3765 license agreements based on technology transfer • Some US $ 1.26 billion earned in 2000 earned by universities

27. MEXICO • Over 100 universities • 140 technological institutions • Industries Collaborate with universities and R&D institutions in producing paten table products

28. VENEZUALA • Simon Bolivar University has a company which links industry and the university. • Through the company, the university earned US$ 4 million in 2000

29. Korea • Has an euivalent of siloc valley • KAIST has • a business incubator • Technology Licensing Office

30. India Indian Institute of Technology has a Foundation for Innovation and Technology Transfer • Organizes entrepreneurship training • Promote contract research • Promote consultancy and short courses

31. KENYA Three out of the six universities have companies