The Holocaust The Development of the Final Solution: the answer to the Nazis’ “Jewish Question”

1. The HolocaustThe Development of the Final Solution: the answer to the Nazis’ “Jewish Question”

2. 1. Two Debates about the Development of the Holocaust 1. Intentionalists: -HITLER PLANNED THE HOLOCAUST (KILL THE JEWS) FROM DAY 1 2. Functionalist: -DEVELOPED OVER TIME AS A RESPONSE TO OUTSIDE PROBLEMS/EVENTS One or the other? Or a combination of both?

3. Anti-Semitism • Hostility towards or prejudice against Jews or Judaism

4. 2. Pre-1930’s Roots • Historically, the Jews were considered SCAPEGOATS* for 1. KILLING CHRIST 2. BLACK DEATH And any other natural or economic problem ; however, anti-Semitism generally only a problem during poor economic times *Left alone if they converted to Christianity

5. 3. Then, World War One happened • Germany BLAMED, have to PAY FOR WAR. • Economy is in shambles, guess who is blamed? The JEWS • When the economy is down, racism goes up • Propaganda helps incite hate towards Jews.

6. Anti-Semitism in Germany • Hitler blamed Jews for German losses after WWI and the economic depression that spread thereafter

7. Examples of Propaganda Posters-notice the dark colors, big nose, dark curly hair and emphasis on money

8. Hitler takes over Germany and established the “Jewish Question” (What is to be done with Germany’s Jews?) • 1933 HITLER elected to power, crushes all opponents. • 1934 BOYCOTT of Jewish Businesses

9. Hitler takes over continued • 1935 NUREMBERG LAWS deprive Jews of citizenship and therefore rights • Jew = RACE (BLOOD) not RELIGION (SO CONVERSION DOESN’T MATTER NOW) JEWISH = 1 JEWISH GRANDPARENT

10. “The Jewish Question” • How do you get rid of 500 000 Jews? • Attempts: • MADAGASCAR PLAN • EVIAN CONFERENCE (US AND CANADA SAY NO!) Jews randomly beat up all over Germany, 78 000 leave, but over 400 000 stay. Why?

11. 5. The Violence EscalatesAND JEWS CAN NO LONGER LEAVE….. • 1934: Nazis already executing MENTALLY HANDICAPPED in T4 EUTHANASIA program • 1938: Kristallnacht “the NIGHT of the broken glass. Jews arrested and thrown in concentration camps, such as Dachau.

12. Krystallnacht – Nov 9th, 1938 • “Night of Broken Glass” • Jewish homes and stores were ransacked in a thousand German towns and cities

13. Dachau • The first concentration camp was opened in Germany in 1933

15. T-4 Euthanasia Program

16. 60,000 Reichsmarks is what this person suffering from hereditary defects costs the People's community during his lifetime. Fellow German, that is your money too.

18. Anti-Semitism in Canada • after Kristallnacht, many Jews tried to leave Germany. • The ocean liner “St. Louis” took refugees to Cuba, where they would await to enter the US • Criminal backgrounds for the passengers were made up by NAZI propaganda minister, Joseph Goebbels

19. Cuba refused to let the ship “land”, so it headed to Florida where it found no success • It then arrived off our east coast, carrying 907 Jewish people, including 400 women & children • Canada decided they would not make good settlers and forced them to return to Europe, where many died in concentration camps

20. Jewish Passengers from the St. Louis

21. And then, World War II Breaks Out • Nazis crush POLAND • Now total of 2.5million Jews under Nazi control

22. By 1939, six large concentration camps existed in Poland

23. 7. Jews are moved to GHETTOS • Until Germans can decide what to do • Ghettos are: • CRAMPED (HUNDREDS OF 1000S IN ONLY A COUPLE OF BLOCKS) • SUFFERING FROM STARVATION • FULL OF DISEASE AND DIRTY

24. The Ghettos

25. The Problem Gets Bigger… • 8. The “Jewish” problems (Nazi perceived) compounded by the invasion of the SOVIET UNION in the Spring of 1940. Now have 5 million Jews under their control. • Their response? 1. EINSATZGRUPPEN (SPECIAL SQUAD) 2. GAS VANS (DISCOVERED ACCIDENTALLY)

29. Meanwhile… • A new concentration camp called AUSCHWITZ built to hold POLISH political prisoners and Russian Prisoners of WAR. • Already using ZYKLON B in special gas chambers. (first in a sealed off cabin)

30. 10. Jan.1942 – “WannseeCONFERENCE” Decide all Jews under GermanCONTROLwill be sent toDEATHcamps.

31. France, Denmark, Holland, Italy, Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Channel Islands, Belgium, Poland, USSR, Slovakia, Romania, Hungary, Austria, Lithuania, Norway etc. Areas under German Control

32. Operation Reinhardt • Establishes 5 new “Death Camps” (no labor): 1.TREBLINKA 2. SOBIBOR 3. BELZEC 4. MAJDANEK 5. CHELMNO And expands AUSCHWITZ BIRKENAU Jews transported to camps by TRAINS (CATTLE CARS)

33. Trains transported Jews to camps

35. Zyklon-B Gas Chambers Auschwitz

39. Identifying the prisoners • Jews were given 2 black and yellow triangles • Together they formed the 6-pointed Star of David

40. Identifying the prisoners • Green = professional criminal • Pink = homosexual • Brown = gypsy • Violet = Jehovah’s Witness • Black = “a-social” (alcoholic or prostitute)

41. “Canada”

42. 11. Then the Jews (and others) Fight back, 1943-44 • 1. WARSAW GHETTO UPRISING (first incident of resistance to Nazi rule

43. 11. Resistance continued… • 2. HUNGARIANS REFUSE TO GIVE UP THEIR JEWS. • 3. DENMARK FERRIES 8000 JEWS TO SWEDEN • 4. FRANCE HIDES CHILDREN IN CONVENTS.

44. 12. What the Allies knew… • 1944, the ALLIES find out about AUSCHWITZ. • What do they do? • NOTHING • Most killed this year, 14 000 a day, crematoria could not keep up and had to dig large pits and burn bodies.

45. 13. The End (for Nazis) is Nigh… • 1. Jan. 27, 1945 AUSHWITZ is liberated • 2. April 1945, HITLER commits suicide • 3. May, 1945 WAR is over in Europe • 4. NUREMBERG Trials • However, 6 MILLION of Europe’s 11 MILLION Jews are dead.

46. Liberation - 1945

47. Mengele Children

48. NAZI leaders Adolf Hitler

49. NAZI leaders Joseph Goebbels

50. NAZI leaders Hermann Goring