Technology and strategy of Energy storage for EVs in China and US

1. Integrating EVs into Sustainable Urban Transport Technology and strategy of Energy storage for EVs in China and US Honghe Zheng/ 郑洪河 School of Energy, Soochow University, China Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, USA 2011.11

2. Recent advances of lithium ion battery technologies in China

3. Research and Development of Electric Vehicle in China Development Trend of Electric Vehicle in China Fuel consumption/CO2 Year L/100km g/km 50% ( 4L/100km ) 14% 32%( 5. 8L/100km) 4% 2025 4.1L/95g 14.4% ( 6.7L/100km) 15.0% (5.3L/100km) 2020 3.5% 61.1%( 5.8L/100km ) 5.6L/130g 6% 0.2% 0.0% 1.0% 6.2L/143g 42.3% (6.7L/100km, 12% down from 2010 level) 56.5% ( 5.8L/100km, 13% down from PFI model level) 0.0% 0.2% 2015 1.0% 6.9L/159g 19.4%(6.5L/100km) 79.4% ( 7.1L/100km, 8% down from model 2010 level) 0.0% 0.0% 0.9% 93.5% ( 7.7L/100km ) 7.7L/177g 2010 5.7% 0.9% 3.8% 95.3%( 8.0L/100km ) 8.0L/184g 2008 Gasoline （GDI） Gasoline （PFI） Other Fuels HEV/PHEV EV • In the last decade, a lot of PFI gasoline engines with high CO2 emissions have been developed and launched for the self-developed car in China; • China automotive industry will face electric vehicle industry restructuring in the next five to fifteen years.

4. LIB for EV

5. Road Map of EV & PHEV in China 10M Class EV Millions Business Model： Battery Lease; Enhance the ratio of EV with battery 10k Class Business Model：Government purchase; Government subsidies; Lease; ~2020 Infrastructure：Smart grid (fast + slow charge, （V2G，V2H，V2V…） Drive range：EV :≥160 ~ 250km PHEV : 50-70km Infrastructure: Battery Change; Slow charge(~3kW); Development of fast charge tech. Drive range: EV:100-150km PHEV:30-50km “10 Cities, 1000 EVs”Demo：Total 25 Cities, 20000 EVs. ~2015 • Chemistry：New LIB, Metal-Air, Multi-electron reaction system. • Cell： • High Energy : ≥ 250Wh/kg(LIB) • ≥ 400Wh/kg(NEW) • High Power：≥ 5000W/kg（NEW） • Chemistry：LFP/C, LMO/C // Ni-MH // Capacitor • LIB： • Price： 4.5 RMB/Wh • Energy density：80Wh/kg • Cycle life：1000 ~2010 • Chemstry：Polyanion, Layered material, Spinel. • LIB Module： • Cost≤2RMB/Wh • Module Energy density≥ 150Wh/kg • Cycle life ≥ 2000 Year

6. 10000 10000 >5000 W/kg >5000 W/kg >20Wh/kg >20Wh/kg « « >1500 W/kg >1500 W/kg >160Wh/kg >160Wh/kg W/kg) W/kg) « « 1000 1000 36 seconds 36 seconds （ （ ， ， 100C 100C >300 >300 Wh Wh /kg /kg 100 100 6 minutes 6 minutes Power density Power density Safety Safety ， ， Life Life 10C 10C Reliability Reliability 10 10 are equally are equally Important Important 1 hour 1 hour ， ， 1C 1C Current level Current level * Partial figure * Partial figure is from Dr. is from Dr. H.Li H.Li 200 200 Wh Wh /kg /kg 1 1 1 1 10 10 100 100 1000 1000 Energy density Energy density Wh Wh /kg) /kg) （ （ “973” Project (2009-2013) China: 2013 Target EC/LIC LIB LIB/Li battery • A huge challenge! 6

7. “863” Plan (2011-2013) For the 1st stage (2011-2013) 33 Fields, 77 Projects Total Founding: 0.738B RMB Next Gen. LIB: 240-260 Wh/kg Li-S cell: 320-350 Wh/kg

8. Batteries Span Wide Size Range

9. Energy density Power density Life Battery system Safety, reliability Low temperature performance Cost Requirementsof Advanced Batteries for Electric Vehicle in China Performance Requirements of Battery system for Electric Vehicle Different type of electric vehicle relates to different requirement of battery system

10. Performance Requirements of Battery system — Li-ion Battery for HEV Ah Ah Ah Ah Ah Supplier A Supplier B Supplier C Supplier D Supplier E China China China China Oversea The level of Li-ion battery cell perf. in China is still lower than that of overseas in 2009

11. Performance Requirements of Battery system — Li-ion Battery for EV Supplier A Supplier B Supplier C Supplier D Supplier ESupplier F China China China China ChinaOversea The level of Li-ion battery cell perf. in China is still lower than that of overseas in 2009

12. Performance Requirements of Battery system — Low Temperature Performance Discharge Discharge Charge Charge The battery charge and discharge power at low temperatures still can not meet the vehicle requirements, the further development of advanced battery materials is needed.

13. Our lab PHEV-40 (2 hr Discharge) Full cell of optimized electrode combination Constant power cycles to 70% of cell’s initial full discharge capacity, P/2 discharge, P/4 charge, with an upper charge voltage of 4.3 V After 800 cycles, the cell energy retain 99% of its initial value. Power density of this cell is calculated to be 269 wh/L Rate performance comparison between cathode and anode at this loading shows the full cell works well at around 1C-2C

14. 3.4 Battery Tier Quality System — R&D and Manufacture Ability R&D capabilities - sustainable development, research advanced battery technology, including material and process etc. Automated production - manufacturing consistency Process and product quality control techniques, and meet ISO9001 ISO14001 OHSAS18000 etc Set up the production and supply chain to achieve mass production Set up satisfying service system, including spare components, diagnosis tooling, training, etc. Automatic winding machine Sorting equipment Ability of R&D, and manufacture to meet the requirement

15. EV Large Format Battery Energy & Power Density Roadmap in industry 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 200Wh/kg 170Wh/kg Energy density & Power density 3000 W/kg 150Wh/kg 130Wh/kg 2500 W/kg 2200 W/kg 120Wh/kg 2000 W/kg 1800 W/kg

16. BMS Package Requirements of Battery system — Composing of Battery System Pakage (mechinical Electrical system Cell and model Thermal management system Integration of mechanic, electric, thermal and control for battery system

17. Smart Module & Pack Design for Automotive Batteries Module Details Cell (pouch, prismatic, etc.) Battery Module Battery Pack Benchmark and test battery cells • cells selected due to high energy density, lower cost and reduced weight • module developed is adaptable to multiple pouch cell types • module provides ideal thermal and electrical characteristics Optimized cell orientation and configuration • safety is key requirement: cells must be protected from multiple failure modes including electrical, mechanical, thermal and crash conditions Cell Connections • cell tabs cannot be strained during normal or severe operating conditions • permanent cell tab connections result in low resistance and heat generation • busbar / cell tab attachment material selection is critical for joining process to prevent adverse effects of dissimilar materials

18. Package Requirements of Battery system — Package development • Battery Management System • Battery cell equalization (Passive or active ) • Battery thermal control • Charge and discharge control • SOC, SOH, SOF accurate estimation • Package analysis • Collision Safety Analysis • EMC analysis • NVH analysis Meet the national standards and norms

19. Industrial Large Format Li-ion Battery Technology Cycle Life of Packing System (332V, 7P104S) DST Testing Curves of Packing System (332V, 7P104S) 2,400cycles, 80% Efficiency; 97% Note: Dynamic Stress Test 30000 cycles are desired

20. Forecast of Battery for Electric Vehicle Small EV PHEV HEV HEV PHEV Large EV RE EV EV New battery (air batteries, etc.) Battery type Lithium ion battery Ni-MH battery, etc. Developing different electric vehicle with battery technology

21. Recent advances of lithium ion battery technologies in US

22. PHEV Goals Announced by FreedomCAR • Key Points: • Performance and life targets defined for two systems: • one system go 10 miles all electric. (½ hr discharge at 20 mph • the other go 40 miles all electric. (2 hr discharge at 20 mph) • Both systems require the capability to deliver ~ 45 kW of pulse power. ~ 1200W/L • Energy Density requirements (assuming only 70% is available for all electric driving) : • 10-mile system: 121 Wh/L, 60Wh/Kg • 40-mile system: 207 Wh/L, 100Wh/Kg • Long service life: • the 40 mile system: at least 5000 cycles to 80% capacity retention • the 10 mile system: around 5000 cycles to 80% capacity retention. Safety, life, cost are above all the others

28. Activated Carbons for Electrochemical Capacitors Constant I Charge/discharge charge rate = discharge rate E (V) Cyclic Voltammetry Time (s) Capacitance (F/g) 1.8M TEMABF4 in PC E (V) Cycle life performance Capacitance (F/g) All calculations based on mass of active material Discharge cap (F/g) E (V) Discharge rate (A/g)

29. Spheres maintain surface morphology after fluorination • x = 0.96 (gravimetric) x = 1.04 by NMR • Thermally stable to 400°C by TGA analysis Fluorinated Carbon Nanospheres (LiCFx)n Electrochemical performance

30. Computer Aided Engineering Battery Pack Level Models Performance Electrochemical & Material Stress Current & Heat Transport Electrode Level Models Cell Level Models Material Level Models Fluid Dynamics First Principles Power Demand. Computer aided engineering is a very powerful tool

31. Our lab Prolong cycle life by optimization of battery technologies A E

32. Conclusions • Lots of key technologies are involved in the development of LIB for transportation purpose • Safety, cost and life are still the great challenges for commercial use of LIB into EVs and PHEVs • We have brought Ni-MH and lithium ion batteries into the automotive market. • State-of-the-art processes and new experimental techniques are now found in most battery laboratories. • We are still on track to meet the safety, cost and performance targets • New applications for vehicle and energy storage represent huge opportunities for battery applications

33. Acknowledgment Dr. Y. Huang, Dr. V. Battaglia, Dr. G. Liu, Mr. P. Ridgway, and Mr. X. Song Thank you for your kind attention!