Prepared by Assoc. Prof. Ar. Dr. Asiah Abdul Rahim Lecturer of Department of Architecture,

1. POCAM Society of the Orhtopaedically Handicapped, Malaysia 9th & 10th JUNE 2006 RESSIDENCE HOTEL, KUALA LUMPUR ACCESSIBILITY FOR ALL - “WHERE ARE WE?” Prepared by Assoc. Prof. Ar. Dr. Asiah Abdul Rahim Lecturer of Department of Architecture, Kulliyyah of Architecture and Environmental Design International Islamic University Malaysia , 53100 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Tel: 603-61965244/41 Fax: 603-61964864 E-mail: ar_asiah@yahoo.com@yahoo.com

2. 1.0 INTRODUCTION The main objective of this paper first is to illustrate the background of various concept, approaches and terminologies used to describe accessibility in the built environment. Barrier free architecture, universal design, accessibility and inclusive design. This paper will cover caring society to elderly, disabled and children, status of facilities for the disabled in Malaysia, access audit, barrier free architecture for heritage conservation and tourism areas in Malaysia.

3. 2.1 Barrier Free Architecture 2.0 DEFINITIONS • The origin of barrier free or accessible design lie in the field of rehabilitation. After World War 2, the practice of rehabilitation was successful enough that physicians and therapists were able to provide many people with severe disabilities enough function, skills and technology for them to accomplish activities of daily living independently. But they discovered that the environment outside the rehabilitation centre was not conducive to independent living by their “clients” without modification-removal of barriers to mobility. (Edward Steinfield, 2002). Barrier free design is based on the therapeutic philosophy (Edward Steinfield, 2002).

4. 2.2 Universal Design According to Molly, universal design is defined as the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without adaptation or specialized design. Molly F.S. 2002). Universal design however is concerned with more than just removal barriers. It seeks to eliminate discrimination by design and support full social participation for all members of society. (Edward Steinfield, 2002). According to George A Covington and Bruce Hannah, Universal Design is intended to be inclusive not exclusive. Universal design is the idea that everyone should have access to everything all of the time and the impact it has had on the design of the home, workplace, transportation, communications, computers, furniture, products and services to meet the needs of as large audience as possible.

5. Universal Design is trans-generational design – design for grandfather as well as for grandchild. It is not designing within the vacuum of self. According to M. Powell Lawton (2001), universal design is defined as the design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible without adaptation or specialized design. The universal design is accompanied by and linked to a set of seven principles. The intention is that the seven principles may be applied to evaluate existing designs, guide the design process and educate both designers and consumers about the characteristics of more usable products and environments.

6. 2.2.1 Principles of Universal Design The seven principles are as follows: i). Equitable Use: The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities. ii). Flexibility in Use The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities. iii). Simple and Intuitive Use Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user’s experience, knowledge, language skills or current concentration level.

7. iv). Perceptible Information The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user’s sensory abilities. v). Tolerance for Error The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions. vi). Low Physical Effort The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with minimum of fatigue. vii). Size and Space for Approach and Use Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation and use regardless of user’s body size, posture or mobility.

8. 2.2.2 Universal Design Pyramid Universal Design can be obtained only by working from the bottom up, by looking to make normal provisions suitable for everyone. It aims to be socially inclusive and is compromised “accessibility” is defined in terms of provision for people with disabilities. In Britain, America, and elsewhere around the world, statutory controls for making public buildings accessible to people with disabilities have been beneficial; whatever their short-comings, they have been instrumental in massively extending the accommodation parameters of the generality of public buildings. That is plus factor. The downside is that the universal design ideal remains elusive. A contribution is Universal Design: A Manual of Practical Guidance for Architects (Goldsmith, 2000).

9. Figure 1.0 The Universal Design Pyramid demonstrates the bottom-up methodology Of universal design. (Source: Universal Design Handbook, 2001)

10. 2.3 Accessibility, Responsibility and Communication – A Design Agenda For The 1990’s According to Bruce Hannah, `I have had to come to terms with the struggle of dealing with `old’ design agendas. Namely modernism, post modernism and assorted short live ones from Memphis to Semantics. A new paradigm shift as part of new design agendas, which focusing on social responsibility, accessibility, ecology and education are being discussed’. He further added that where it was once enough to make buildings, interiors, furniture and objects aesthetically acceptable, ergonomically comfortable, and socially acceptable for the elite, the healthy, and exclusively `able’ now it is not anymore. Designers as well as a diverse society, must ask, `whose ergonomics? whose aesthetics? And whose society? These are questions where designers must consider to create a new vision of the future.

11. The American with Disabilities act (the ADA) has focused to the first principle: accessibility - a concept that stresses ability not disability – access for all. The second new principle of design - responsibility – on the design and community. Clean air acts, landfill acts, resource depletion, sick-building syndromes, materials re-use, material disposal, natural light requirements and others will force designers to act in a responsible way. It is the responsible of everyone to ensure our plant is safe, secure as we pass it to our children. Without a change in habits both economic, social and environment we will have beautiful buildings, beautiful interiors which can be used continuously The third new principle of design - communication - seems self-evident and obvious - at first thought. But it is a fundamental design principle we violate every day by assuming `they’ know what to do, what to say, and how to do it. Designers are assuming too much. Designers must tell the clients how, why, when, and where their decisions affect how we live, breathe, and navigate out built environment and what effects these decisions have on society in general. (George A Covington and Bruce Hannah, 1997, pg. 19-20).

12. 2.3.1 The Home and Living - Building Community Through Accessibility– Designing For The Life Of A Family Creating an environment that will accommodate the transitions as a family grows and ages is the definition of the universal home. Most young couples are able and fit, climbing stairs and accommodating obstacles with ease Designing from the beginning with this concept in mind will challenge existing ideals, ideas and conventions. Making any space, product or service in a house fully accessible to everyone may be impossible, but permitting interdependence may be just as important as promoting independence.

13. 2.4 Inclusive Design Elspeth Morrison and Andrew Walker (2002) claimed that inclusive design is design which can be used regardless of age, gender and disability.

14. 3.0 CARING SOCIETY TO ELDERLY, DISABLED AND CHILDREN This section considers facilities and products with appropriate anthropometrics data used to achieve accessibility for the above users safely and independently. Everybody should be given equal opportunities to have access to recreation, education, work place, information technology, parks, commercial areas, transportation, institutions and housing areas. As most of the population living in the cities, there is a need to make our urban environment more caring, more users friendly.

15. 3.1 Design For All The philosophy of “Design for All” is about creating accessible environments and useful products that can function for the highest number of people-of all ages, sizes and with different skills. The aim of the concept is to make life easier for everyone by making products, means of communication and building environments, which are more usable for more people at little or no extra cost.

16. The Danish Centre for Accessibility, DCFT quoted, ”design for all” is an overall strategy and philosophy which is based on giving all people equal opportunities to participate in modern society. This means that our Physical surroundings, products and services are planned and designed so that everyone can participate regardless of age and physical ability. The physical environment covers many things; in addition to buildings and product design, signposting, colour selection, transport and IT are also areas where “design for all” is of the utmost importance.

17. 3.2 Syllabus Universal Design and Design for All • 3.2.1“Design for all” Teaching Practice • As reported by Singanapalli Balaram (2001), apart from the description of projects, initiatives are born in order to set up professional networks for people teaching “design for all” in schools of design and architecture, at a national and international level. In United States, the programme entitled Adjusted Environment has supplied for along time the network of the Universal design Education Project (UDEP) and the “Elaine Ostroff” Programme (Adjusted Environment, Boston), a monthly newsletter is published on the internet by a network of international teachers. The target group of this web site includes teachers who can exchange views on their experience and knowledge, as well as persons interested in learning Universal Design/ Accessibility. In England, there is also a professional network called Special Interest Group on Inclusive Design, co-ordinated by Ruth Morrow at the University of Sheffield. In Sweden and initiative for a network of teachers specialized in Universal Design has recently come into being. In International Islamic University Malaysia, we have introduced elective subject for `Barrier free Architecture’ to be taught at the Department of Architecture, we also include this concept in studio projects. This subject fosters experiential learning through simulation and other methodology for exploring the effects of built environments on their users. This may include access audit evaluation and field studies of public places and buildings.

18. The examples of how to teach, “design for all” in schools are different and they have to be regarded in relation to the political, educational and cultural context of the country. An example of a typical elective programme structure (by week): 1. Introduction and discussion. The nature of barriers and disability. Definitions and attitudes. 2. The concept of Non-Handicapping Environments, Universal and Inclusive Design. Video presentations and discussion. 3. Simulation exercise. Feedback on experiences. 4. Discussion. Special needs. Physical, sensory and intellectual disability. Potential architectural solutions. 5. Design for visual impairment. 6. Design for hearing impairment. 7. The wheelchair and ambulant disabled-ergonomics, ramps, etc. 8. Mobility and safety in the built environment. Hazards and the need for codes and legislation. 9. Access audits for buildings, streets and transportation systems.

19. 10. Aesthetics aspects, advocacy methodologies. 11. Products and solutions, high and low technology answers for specific spaces and activities. 12. Lifetime homes, adaptable housing, design for “our future selves”. 13. Future developments, codes and legislation. Awareness into action (Source: Singanapalli Balaram, 2002)

20. 3.3 Universal Design in Malaysia 1993-2003 According to Asiah (2000), Malaysia is one of the countries in the ESCAP region that supports the “Asian and Pacific Decade of disabled Persons, 1993-2002: Mandates for Action Proclamation on the Full Participation and Equality of People With Disabilities in the Asian and Pacific region, ESCAP” on the 16th May 1994. The four main objectives of the proclamation on accessibility and communication for disabled persons are shown below: 1.to review the planned and existing built environment and practices with a view of developing measures for improving its accessibility, 2.to develop barrier-free design codes to cover new construction as well as renovation and expansion (including office and residential buildings, public facilities, areas around buildings, roads and transport infrastructure), 3. to amend existing codes to include accessibility features at the same level of importance as fire safety features and

21. 4.to encourage citizens/ corporate initiatives to develop approaches to the introduction of accessibility to all areasof society, including key areas such as education, information, housing and commerce(United Nation, 1994. pg 17-18). A significant contribution towards the spirit of the “Proclamation on the Full Participation and Equality of People With Disabilities in the Asian and Pacific Region”, in which Malaysia is one of them was to fulfil the goals set in the Asia and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons 1993-2002. The aim was at systematically improving the living conditions of disabled persons and helps them to fulfil their development potential in all aspects and opportunities similar to able-bodied persons.

22. 3.4 Ageing Issues in Malaysia, Asian and International According to Dato’ Chua Jui Ming (2000), quoted by Asiah (2002), that Malaysia will be classified as an ageing nation by the year 2005 when the number of elderly citizen is expected to rise to 1.7 million (7.2% of the population). In Malaysia, we have defined the elderly as aged 60 and above.” – (Star; 12 December 2000). Based on the demographic and human population as shown in Table 1.2 and Figure 1.1, the period of life of the population is rising. It is expected that in the year of 2020, the population of aging people is 4.4% as compared to 3.5% in the year 2000, which is mean that the number of the aging people are increasing to 9.5% of total population in Malaysia in the year of 2020 as compared to 6% in the year of 1995.

23. 3.5 Countries With High Proportion of Senior Citizens, 1991 Figure 2.0 Countries with high proportion of senior citizens, 1991, Source: Asiah 2006

24. Figure 2.0 Countries with high proportion of senior citizens, 1991, source: Asiah, 2006

25. 3.5Demographic sign for selected countries in the year1970, 1990 and 2020, Figure 3.0 Demographic sign for selected countries in the year 1970, 1990 and 2020, Source: Asiah (2006)

26. 3.6 Malaysian Plan Of Action for Non-Handicapping Environment, Workshop for National Trainers and Policy Makers 18-22 Feb. 2004, • According to Asiah in her paper Malaysian Plan Of Action for Non-Handicapping Environment, Workshop for National Trainers and Policy makers 18-22 Feb. 2004, has identified strategies for Country Plan of action for Malaysia. This includes: • 3.6.1 The Goals • 1. to create awareness to government, private sector professional bodies in the building industries, academicians and the public • 2. to disseminate information through electronic and print media e.g radio, TV,local newspapers (to have a column every week) and journals encompass legal academic and social aspects • 3. to establish networking and regular meeting and follow through the action plan. • (Asiah, 2004)

27. 3.6.2 Action Plan for 2 Years 1. Research and access audit to public buildings, target area is Kuala Lumpur on various building typology (old and new) 2. Give findings and recommendations to building owners 3. Enforcement on building requirements by local authorities on accessibility 4. Able to train 600 people (Asiah, 2004) 3.6.3 Action Plan for 5 Years 1. At least most of the buildings in major cities are accessible including transportation 2. Inclusive design as a culture 3. Accessible built environment for all (Asiah, 2004) 3.6.4 Action Plan for 10 Years (2014) The goal is to achieve “towards an inclusive barrier-free and right-basedsociety” by having accessibility to built environments and public transport as well as access to information and communication (Asiah, 2004).

28. 3.7 Biwako Millennium Frameworks for Action 2003-2013 According to Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons (2003), further efforts need to focus on priority areas where progress was found inadequate and action was lagging during the implementation of the Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons, 1993-2002. By resolution 58/4, government in the region defined the priority policy areas as: 1. Self help organizations of persons with disabilities and related family and parent associations 2. Women with disabilities 3. Early detection, early intervention and education 4. Training and employment including self employment 5. Access to built environment and public transport 6. Access to information and communications including information, communications and technologies suitable for the disable 7. Poverty alleviation through capacity building, social security and sustainable livelihood programmes Source: APDDP, 2003

29. Training and employment including self employment Early detection, early intervention and education Access to built environments an public transport Self help organizations of persons with disabilities and related family and parental associations Poverty alleviation through capacity building, social security and sustainable livelihood programmes Access to information and communications, including information, communication and assistive technologies Women with disabilities Source: Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons, 2003-2012, Biwako Millennium frameworkfor Action: Towards and Inclusive, Barrier Free and Rights-based Society for Persons with Disabilities in Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. pg 3-4

30. 4.0 STATUS OF FACILITIES FOR THE DISABLED IN MALAYSIA • 4.1 Malaysian Standard MS 1184:2002 Code Of Practice On Access For Disabled Persons To Public Buildings (First Revision) • 4.1.1 Introduction • Malaysian’s commitment to quality living among people with disabilities is extensively addressed in this revised code, which accordingly improves the provisions of the MS 1184: 1991 Code of Practice for Access for Disabled People to Public Buildings, and is now called Code of Practice on Access for Disabled Persons to Public Buildings.

31. Pursuant to the spirit of the Proclamation on the Full Participation and Equality of People with Disabilities in the Asia And pacific Region to which Malaysia became a signatory on 16th May 1994, the review of the current Code of Practice is relevant. The standard has immensely contributed to the fulfilment of the goals set in the Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Person and helping them to achieve their full development potential. This revised standard covers the provisions that need to be incorporated in public buildings to ensure that they are accessible by disabled persons, thereby enhancing the integrative potential of disabled persons into the mainstream activities of society. This standard concentrates on the essential provisions that need to be incorporated in buildings to ensure that they are conveniently usable by disabled persons. It does not pretend to be comprehensive.

32. 4.1.2 Scope This Malaysia Standard specifies the basic requirement for element of building and related facilities so as to permit access by people with disabilities. These requirements are applicable to all buildings that disabled persons may use is members of the general public, as visitors or for purpose of employment. Residential buildings will be covered in another standard. Building types to which the recommendation of code may be applied include: a. Offices, banks, post offices, shops, department stores, supermarkets, hotels and other administrative and commercial buildings; b. Rail, road, sea and air travel buildings and associated concourses, car-parking building and factories; c. Hospitals, medical centres, clinics and other health and welfare buildings d. Restaurant, concert halls, theatres, cinemas, conference buildings, community buildings, swimming pools, sports building and others refreshment, entertainment and recreation buildings; e. Religious building; and

33. f. Schools, hostels, colleges, universities, zoos, museums, art galleries, libraries, exhibition buildings and, other educational, cultural and scientific buildings, and any other buildings or any part thereof to which members of the general public has access, as visitors/occupants or for the purposes of the employment. (Source: MS 1184, pp. 1, 2)

34. 4.2 Malaysian Standard MS 1331:2003 Code Of Practice For Access Of Disabled Persons Outside Buildings (First Revision) • 4.2.1 Introduction • Malaysia’s commitment to quality living among people with disabilities is extensively addressed in this revised code, which aims to improve the provision of the MS 1331:1993, Code of practice for disabled people outside buildings. • Pursuant to the spirit of the Proclamation on the Full Participation and Equal Opportunities of People with Disabilities in Asia and Pacific Region to which Malaysia became a signatory on 16th May 1994, the review of the current Code of Pacific is timely and technically relevant. This also reflects the commitment of the Malaysia Government to allow disabled persons to be in the main stream of society in line with the new declaration of the Biwako Millennium Framework for Action from 2003-2012. This declaration aims at creating an inclusive, barrier-free and a rights-based society for people with disabilities, thereby improving their living condition inside and outside buildings

35. 5.0 ACCESS AUDIT 5.1 Access Survey Access surveys provide a useful way to identify the range of barriers that many buildings and the built environment (which includes streets and transportation facilities) present. They can focus one’s appreciation of the accessible qualities of an environment and will help to attune student’s minds to identify handicapping or potentially hazardous conditions in many aspects of the built environment.

36. 5.2 Access Audits, Access Plans And Access Strategies • Access audits give a ‘snapshot’ of an existing building at one point in time. They are a useful starting point in accessing the current state of accessibility and usability of existing buildings. • Access plans or access strategies are the best way of ensuring that the information gathered and recommendations made in the access audit are effectively used. The plan or strategy should include regular monitoring and updating of the audit, since even without major structural adaptations, buildings and the way they are used change over time.

37. 5.3 Why Carry Out an Access Audit? An access audit will give a picture of the level of accessibility in a building, identify points of good or bad access, identify areas of need that are not catered for and is a first step in the process of improving accessibility. The increase in accessibility that can result from an access audit and subsequent access improvements will benefit all users of the building. Issues such as poor signs, doors that are heavy to open and lack of handrails affect everyone, not just people with disabilities.

38. 5.4 Information About The Building The size, number and location of buildings should be confirmed, along with their age and type and use. There will be particular issues relevant to specific building types, for example an education building may have lecture theatres or laboratories with particular requirements, and a theatre will have particular acoustic requirements. The location of public transport and car parking should also be considered. Historic buildings – whether a building is of any special architectural or historic interest is also relevant, especially if it is listed or there are restrictions on alterations.

39. When considering alterations to an historic or listed building, it is important to establish the extent of the listing. Future plans - Plans for refurbishment or alterations should be taken into account as they may affect access or they may present an opportunity to make access improvements. 5.5 Cost And Benefit In some cases the available budget for improvements to the building may also be relevant as this can affect the scope of any alterations that may be recommended. If the size of the budget prevents the installation of a lift, this may well affect the budget prevents the installation of a lift, thus preventing recommendations for using an upper floor for providing a service or as a place of employment for a current or potential disabled employee.

40. 5.6 Access Information The scope of the report and the standards against which access will be accessed should be confirmed prior to the audit. Matters that should be checked include the following: - The standard against which the building is to be accessed; - Whether the needs of staff are to be considered as well as customers and visitors; - The access policy of the organization; - Particular access problem in the building to be audited. (Sawyer and Keith – 2004, page 9-14)

41. 6.0 Barrier Free Architecture For Heritage Conservation And Tourism Areas In Malaysia: Are There Accessible? Since 1980’s the tourism sectors in Malaysia bloomed and Malaysian government gives full support towards its development, evidently with the Visit Malaysia Year Campaigned in 1990. Since then, Malaysia has been appointed to host various international events and the structure of development is much improved. As tourism does related to people, safety environment and accessibility are much more important for the tourists as they are from all range of ages and some of them are the elderly (pensioners). Accessibility for them should be considered when visiting heritage areas.

42. CASE STUDIES IN MALAYSIA Simulation by Menteri Pembangunan Wanita, Keluarga dan Masyarakat

43. CASE STUDIES IN BRUNEI Fig. Brunei - New ramp and platform is added to connect to the shop as well as steps, thus this narrowing the existing pedestrian walkway which may block wheelchair users as the width has been reduced – Bandar Seri Begawan

44. CASE STUDIES IN THAILAND

45. CASE STUDIES IN UNITED KINGDOM Accessible open space which allow wheelchair users to enjoy the visit to Edinburgh castle Scotland, United Kingdom

46. 6.0 CONCLUSION 1. Access audit workshop to technical staff at local authorities, JKR and academicians. Measurement and assessment are the key components of an audit 2. Advocacy and promotion of Universal Design through recognition through awards, electronic media and intellectual activity such as this seminar and workshops 3. Continuous Professional Development for professionals in the building industry 4. Utilization and implementing of Malaysian Standards or other codes and legislation for the disabled. 5. Universal Design Education to be taught at the university 6. Application of Universal Design in architectural projects As professionals, we have social obligation to cater for the needs of our society who are the users of the built environment. We have to make sure that the architecture that we provide indoors and outdoors not only good, and safe for able-bodied people but also ‘from the womb to the tomb’, so that users have opportunities to go to places for whatever reasons, schools, institution, transportation, recreational areas, officers, resort and others without fears andrestrictions

47. REFERENCES • 1. Asiah Abdul Rahim (2004): Country plan of Action (Malaysia) on Non-handicapping Environment; 18-22 Feb. 2004, Asia Hotel, Bangkok, Thailand during Non-handicapping environment workshop for national trainers and policy makers, Bangkok, Thailand. • Asiah Abdul Rahim (2002): Barrier Free Environment To Outside Public Buildings – Jalan Raja Laut as a case study, (completed research - Research Centre, IIUM). • Technical Paper, Recommendations for The Development of Public Policies Towards a “Universal Accessibility”, Comprehensive and Integral International Convention to Promote and Protect the Rights and Dignity of Persons With Disabilities, UIA June 2005 • George A Covington and Bruce Hannah, 1997: Access by Design, New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold • Chapter 1, Universal Design: The New Paradigm, Elaine Ostroff, Ed.M, Adaptive Environments Center, Boston, Massachusetts, in Universal Design Handbook, McGraw Hill 2001. pg 1.5 • Chapter 1, Universal Design: The New Paradigm, Elaine Ostroff, Ed.M, Adaptive Environments Center, Boston, Massachusetts, in Universal Design Handbook, McGraw Hill 2001. pg 1.8 • Seventh Inaigural Lecture, Relevance Of Tawhidic Paradigm To Environmental Design, Ismawi Zen, IIUM 2002. pg. 21 • Chapter 5, Universal Design And The Majority World, Singanapalli Balaram, Professor, M.Des. (NID), Fellow (SIDI), National Institute of Design, Ahmedabad, India, in Universal Design Handbook, McGraw Hill 2001. pg 5.20

48. Chapter 6, User/ Expert Involvement in Universal Design, Laurie Ringaert, B.Sc, B.M.R.-O.T., M. Sc., Universal Design Institute and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, in Universal Design Handbook, McGraw Hill 2001. pg 6.1 • Chapter 7, Designing By Degree: Assessing And Incorporating Individual Accessibility Needs, M. Powell Lawton, Ph.D., Philadelphia Geriatric Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Universal Design Institute and University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada, in Universal Design Handbook, McGraw Hill 2001. pg 7.1 • Chapter 10, Principle of Universal Design, Molly Fillette Story, M.S., IDSA, Center for Universal Design, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, in Universal Design Handbook, McGraw Hill 2001. pg 10.6 • Chapter 13, Accessible Housing In Five European Countries: Standards And Built Results, Jon Christopherson, B.Arch. (Hons), Norwegian Building Research Institute, Oslo, Norway, in Universal Design Handbook, McGraw Hill 2001. pg 13.3-6 • Chapter 15, Accessible Design In Italy, Assunta D’Innocenzo and Annalisa Morini, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy, Universal Design Handbook, McGraw Hill 2001. pg 15.3-4 • Source: Asiah Abdul Rahim, Barrier-Free Environment In Public Building - IIUM as a Case Study, 2000. • Universal Design Education and Development, Prof. Singanapalli Balaram, M.Des. (NID); Fellow (SIDI), National Institute of Design, Paldi, Islamabad, India, in Universal Design 17 Ways of Thinking and Teaching, Husbanken 2002. pg 325 • Asiah Abdul Rahim, Non-Handicapping Environment, Workshop For National Trainers and Policy Makers, Bangkok, Thailand, 2004. • Asian and Pacific Decade of Disabled Persons, 2003-2012, Biwako Millennium framework for Action: Towards and Inclusive, Barrier Free and Rights-based Society for Persons with Disabilities in Asia and the Pacific, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific. pg 3-4 • Chapter 15, Accessible Design In Italy, Assunta D’Innocenzo and Annalisa Morini, National Research Council (CNR), Rome, Italy, in Universal Design Handbook, McGraw Hill 2001. pg 15.19 • Chapter 16, Accessibility Standards and Universal Design Developments in Canada, Shauna Mallory-Hill, M.Arch, Brian Everton, B.I.D., P.I.D.I.M, in Universal Design Handbook, McGraw Hill 2001. pg 16.12-15 • Chapter 17, The Impact of Aging on Japanese Accessibility Design Standards, Satoshi Kose, Eng.D, Building Research Institute, Tsukaba, Japan, in Universal Design Handbook, McGraw Hill 2001. pg 17.10 -11 • Chapter 19, Universal Design In Outdoor Play Areas, Susan Goltsman, F.A.S.L.A., Moore Iacofano Goltsman (MIG), Berkeley, California, in Universal Design Handbook, McGraw Hill 2001. pg 19.1-3

49. Chapter 20, Universal Design In Outdoor Play Areas, Susan Goltsman, F.A.S.L.A., Moore Iacofano Goltsman (MIG), Berkeley, California, in Universal Design Handbook, McGraw Hill 2001. pg 20.8 • Chapter 21, Japanese Guidelines For Universal Design In Parks: Harmony Between Nature And People, Mamoru Matsumoto, J.C.E.A., City and regional Development, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport, Tokyo Japan, in Universal Design Handbook, McGraw Hill 2001. pg 21.7 • Chapter 24, Universal design in Mass Transportation, Edward Steinfeld, Arch.D, RERC on Universal Design, University at Buffalo, Buffalo New York, in Universal Design Handbook, McGraw Hill 2001. pg 24.1-13 • Chapter 25, The Bottom-Up Methodology Of Universal Design, Selwyn Goldsmith, M.A., R.I.B.A., London, United Kingdom, in Universal Design Handbook, McGraw Hill 2001. pg 25.1-15 • Chapter 33, Sustainable Human And Social Development: An Examination of Contextual Factors, C.J Walsh, B.Arch., M.R.I.A.I., M.I.B.C.I., M.I.F.S., Sustainable Design, Dublin, England in Universal Design Handbook, McGraw Hill 2001. pg 33.2-3 • Asiah Abdul Rahim (2003 second edition): Design of Buildings for Early Childhood Education, IIUM Press, Research Centre, International Islamic University Malaysia, (p. 188-189)

50. . THANK YOU