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Family Definition and Types: Understanding the Structure and Functions of Families

Explore the definition of family, different types of families, and the functions they serve. Learn about family values, dynamics, and assessments. Gain insights into the importance of culture and its influence on family structure and health practices.

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Family Definition and Types: Understanding the Structure and Functions of Families

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  1. 14 CHAPTER

  2. Family Definition • Social system of two or more people • Define themselves as a family • Share bonds of emotional closeness

  3. Family Definition • Asocial unit interacting with larger society( Johnson, 1984). • A primary group of people living in a household proximity and intimate relationship( Helvic, 1981).

  4. Family Definition • According to Stuart(1991) family has five critical attributes: • The family is a system or unit. • Its members may or may not be related or may or may not live together. • The unit may or may not contain children. • There is commitment and attachment among unit members that include future obligation. • The unit care-giving functions consist of protection, nourishment, and socialization of its members.

  5. Types of Families • Nuclear • Extended • Single-parent families • Stepfamilies • Cohabitating • Two-wives families

  6. Nuclear • Nuclear conjugal: husband, wife, and children • Nuclear dyads: married couple without children under 18 living in home • Children may be biological or adopted • Dual-earner: two working parents with or without children

  7. Extended • Include family members other than spouses or children • May include stepkin • Share expenses and tasks • Live in close proximity and provide mutual support

  8. Single-parent • Most common family served by community health nurse • Consists of adult woman or man and children • Many causes

  9. Stepfamilies • Two adults, at least one of whom has remarried • Can include children from previous marriage • Can include children from the new marriage

  10. Cohabitating • Man and woman living together without marriage • Include anyone from teens to retired elderly • Different reasons for cohabitation

  11. Two-wives families - Not living in same house, but same building or neighborhood

  12. Family Functions • The family acts to achieve a balance between individuals needs and family needs and goals. This is accomplished through family function

  13. Family Functions • Three decades ago the functions of the family were delineated as: • Social • Reproduction • Economic • Cooperation and sexual relation

  14. Family Functions • Today the function of the family has expanded to include • Affective • Security • Seek of belonging • Identity • Control of functions • Socialization • Reproductive • Economic • Provision of needs

  15. Family Values • Are apparent in relation to their views regarding: • Recreation • Education • Health practices

  16. Family Values/recreation • All members included priorities

  17. Family Values/ Education • Exciting • Important • Threatened by teacher • Teacher → Friend • Teacher → Authority figure

  18. Family Values/ Health practices • Nutritional status • Recreation • Exercise activities • Sleeping patterns • Use of health resources

  19. Family Life-style • Certain aspects of the way a family conducts: • Day to day living • Communication patterns • Decision making abilities: • Process • Person • Crises response • Values and attitudes toward health • Do not forget there are differences between your perception and the family perception

  20. Family dynamics • Balance of power and division of labor(roles) • If imbalance effect occurs then: • Divorce • Run away • Violence

  21. Calgary Family Assessment Model(CFAM) • Three Major Categories: • Family Structural Assessment • Family Developmental Assessment • Family Functional Assessment

  22. Family Structural Assessment • Internal Structure: who is in the family and how they are connected • External Structure: Connection of family members to those outside • Context: relevant background

  23. Family Structural Assessment • Internal Structure • Family composition: • all members of household as defined by the family • Rank order : • position of children in family with respect to age • Subsystems: • smaller clusters within family e.g. husband-wife • Boundary: • to protect the differentiation of subsystems, may be clear, diffuse, rigid.( who participate &how)

  24. Family Structural Assessment • External Structure • Culture • Religion • May influence values & health care practices. • Social class • Education, income level, occupation • Environment • Home, neighborhood, community • Extended family(origin).

  25. External Structure/ Culture • Culture refer to the country of origin as well as to the set of values and rules within which the family operates • Culture is transmitted by: • Social pressure • Previous generations • Religious influences

  26. External Structure/ Culture • Family rules are not written, they are abstracts • Values and rules affect the members view of healthcare, education and daily living.

  27. External Structure/ Culture • A cultural Assessment would include: • The family's definition of health and illness • The family's approach to health maintenance & a disease prevention • Family's beliefs regarding illness-cure treatment ( folk medicine) • Cultural preference related to food • Degree of identification with cultural group • Family functioning • Child rearing practices

  28. External Structure/Environment • Internal environment • Home • Space • External environment • Neighborhood • Industry • Crime rate • Sanitation

  29. External Structure/extended family • Those in family of origin( parents & sibs) • Family of procreation(Spouse & children) • Present generation & step relatives

  30. Structural Assessment Tools • Genograms and Ecomaps. • Genogram: is a diagram of the family, it shows the structure of intergenerational relationships.

  31. Structural Assessment Tools • Ecomap: is a diagram of the family's contact with others outside of immediate family. it pictures the important connections between the family and the world • Used to diagram family structures and relationships

  32. SampleFamily Genogram.

  33. Sample Family Ecomap.

  34. Family Functional Assessment • Instrumental functioning • Expressive Functioning

  35. Family Functional Assessment • Instrumental functioning • Daily Living • Eating • Sleeping • Preparing Meals • Changing dressing • Injection

  36. Family Functional Assessment • Expressive Functioning • Emotional communication • Verbal • Non-verbal • Circular • Problem-solving • Roles • Control(money,vocations) • Beliefs • Alliances( focus on the directionality,balance of the relationships between family members)

  37. Emotional communication • Range & type of emotions or feelings expressed • Generally a wide range from happiness to sadness or anger. • Families with emotional difficulties often have a narrow range of expression.

  38. Verbal communication • Direct vs. indirect • Direct message sent to the intended target • Clear vs. Masked • “Say what you mean & mean what you say” to the intended recipient leads to clear & direct communication. • Masked communication give distorted message.

  39. Non-Verbal communication • Highly influences by culture • Body posture(e.g. Slumped) • Eye contact(e.g. intense, minimal) • Touch, gestures, facial expressions. • Proximity & distance between family members • Para-verbal communication ( crying, tone)

  40. Circular Communication • Reciprocal communication between people. • Circular pattern diagrams show and simplify repetitive sequence of interaction. • Three components: • Affect(emotional status) • Behavior • Cognition(thoughts, ideas, beliefs)

  41. Communication Patterns • Influence family relationships, dynamics, and parental effectiveness

  42. FamilyCommunication Patterns.

  43. Problem Solving • Strongly influenced by family's beliefs about its abilities and past successes. • Who identifies the problem? • What are the families solution patterns? • What resources are relied upon for help- inside the family or external?

  44. Family Roles • Established patterns of behaviors for family members • How do family members cope with their roles? • Formal vs. informal roles • Is their role conflict or role strain • Does family belief that roles need to be altered

  45. Family Roles • Socially-expected behavior patterns • Determined by a person’s position or status within a family

  46. Roles Are Formal or Informal • Formal roles • Expected sets of behaviors associated with family positions • Informal roles • Expected behaviors not associated with position

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