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Marine Pollution

018. Marine Pollution. Marine Pollution. Marine Pollutants. Petroleum hydrocarbons Plastics Pesticides Heavy metals Sewage Radioactive waste Thermal effluents. Pollutants Entering the Ocean. Litter 5%. Industrial wastewater 5%. Offshore oil 10%. Marine transportation 10%.

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Marine Pollution

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  1. 018 Marine Pollution

  2. Marine Pollution

  3. Marine Pollutants • Petroleum hydrocarbons • Plastics • Pesticides • Heavy metals • Sewage • Radioactive waste • Thermal effluents

  4. Pollutants Entering the Ocean Litter 5% Industrial wastewater 5% Offshore oil 10% Marine transportation 10% Air pollutants 20% Farm runoff 20%

  5. Petroleum Hydrocarbons Midway Atoll National Wildlife Refuge 100,000 gallons jet fuel spilled 2003.

  6. Petroleum Hydrocarbons Casitas Pearl & Hermes Atoll Debris cleanup ship grounded 7/5/2005 has aboard 30,000 gallons of diesel fuel, 3,000 gallons of gasoline and 200 gallons of lubricating oil

  7. Exxon Valdez (1989)- Prince William Sound, Alaska • 10 million gallons of oil spilled • 400 miles of shore line affected • $3 billion and 2 summers cleaning

  8. Spain November 19, 2002 • The Prestige: a 26-year-old Bahamas-flagged single hulled vessel • Sunk with 20 million gallons of viscous fuel oil • Hundreds of miles of rugged coastline have been fouled by the stricken Prestige's cargo, destroying wildlife and wrecking the area's renowned fisheries and shellfish industry. incident sinking Lifeboat w/ dead bird

  9. Persian Gulf War (1991) • 240 million gallons of oil spilled

  10. BP offshore drilling rig (Deepwater Horizon) April 20, 2010; 50 miles off Louisiana Spilling 5,000 barrels/day = 200,000 gal/day Estimated 206 million gallons spilled

  11. Containing oil spills: • Floating booms- contain oil and then pump into other ship • Burning oil off • Chemical dispersants • Bioremediation- bacteria

  12. Containing oil spills: • Hair Booms

  13. Relative amts of petroleum in the ocean: River runoff 31.1% Tanker operations 21.8% Coastal facilities 13.1% Atmospheric fallout 9.8% Natural seepage 9.8% Other transportation activities 9.8% Tanker accidents 3.3% Offshore petroleum production 1.3%

  14. Plastics • 100,000 marine mammals & 2 million sea birds die each year after ingesting or being trapped in plastic debris • WHOI 1987 survey off N.E. coast of U.S.: found 46,000 pieces of plastic floating on surface

  15. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre • “Great Pacific Garbage Patch” • Estimate: 46,000 pieces of floating garbage/mi2.

  16. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre 135° to 155°W and 35° to 42°N

  17. North Pacific Subtropical Gyre Great Pacific Garbage Patch- Good Morning America 2010 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLrVCI4N67M&feature=player_embedded http://marinedebris.noaa.gov/info/patch.html#6

  18. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument

  19. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Laysan Island hypersaline lake (120-140o/oo) Large bird rookery and guano mining In 1857, reported 800,000 birds.

  20. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Laysan albatross Laysan ducks Sooty tern Laysan finch

  21. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Laysan Island

  22. Marine pollution: nets and plastic debris Bits and pieces of plastic are collected at sea and deposited on the Laysan Lake shoreline

  23. Albatross Chick

  24. 2004-2007 Barber’s Point

  25. Japan Tsunami 2011 Prediction of Marine Debris Drifting Trajectories Hawaii http://www.hawaii247.com/2011/04/07/tsunami-2011-japan-debris-likely-to-hit-hawaii-twice/

  26. Nontoxic Chemical Spills • Sept. 10, 2013 • 233,000 gallons molasses spilled (1400 tons) • Matson Pier on the Sand Island side of Honolulu Harbor westward into Ke’ehi Lagoon • 30,000 fish dead

  27. Toxic Chemical Spills

  28. Pesticides, Herbicides & other organochlorines • PCBs • DDT Bioaccumulation biomagnification

  29. Biomagnification

  30. Toxic Metals Heavy metals resist biodegredation Natural occurrence- volcanoes • Mercury (Hg) • Copper (Cu) • Lead (Pb) • Cadmium (Cd)

  31. Mercury Minamata Disease (1953-1960)– Japan

  32. Copper • Tributyl tin (antifouling paint for boats) • Banned in U.S. 1980s • Acts as an immunosuppressor • Accumulations unusually high in small whales • May be associated with strandings

  33. Lead • Leaded gasoline invented 1920’s • Enters water from automobile exhaust, runoff and atmospheric fallout of industrial waste and landfills, mines, dumps • Leaded gas banned in US in 1980’s has reduced pollution in ocean Bioaccumulation  biomagnification

  34. Coral Bleaching healthy coral: zooxanthellae in tissue of polyp bleached coral: zooxanthellae expelled from tissue (reversible) dead coral: skeleton covered in algae

  35. Coral Bleaching Thermal Effluents and Coral Bleaching

  36. Coral Bleaching

  37. Some causes of coral bleaching • Unusually high or low temperatures • Unusually high or low salinity • High amounts of visible or ultraviolet light • Sedimentation • High levels of nutrients (sewage, etc.) • High levels of toxins (pesticides, etc.)

  38. Ocean Acidification No mortality Coral calcification rate reduced 15-20% Skeletal density decreased, branches thinner No evidence of acclimation

  39. Point Source Pollution Sewage • Causes disease outbreaks • Contributes to eutrophication

  40. 6/13/2006 Raw sewage dump in Ala Wai. Beaches Close! 48 million gallons Why? • 40 straight days of rain • 42-inch pressurized underground pipe broke during heavy rains

  41. Disease

  42. Sewage Discharge and Agricultural Runoff • nutrient enrichment of coastal waters • physiological consequences on corals • ecological consequences • phytoplankton bloom reduces light penetration • benthic seaweeds overgrow and smother corals

  43. Nutrients and Algae Growth

  44. Radioactive waste

  45. Atomic Testing

  46. Atomic Testing

  47. Atomic Testing Coral reef at Enewetak Atoll, former nuclear test site.

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