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Group 1

Group 1. Alcohols. Alcohols are compounds containing the hydroxyl group (-OH) Presented in general formula ROH Reactivity is mainly attributed to the -OH group Is a weak acid due to the hydrogen ion released from the -OH bond Is water soluble due to H-bonding.

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Group 1

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  1. Group 1 Alcohols

  2. Alcohols are compounds containing the hydroxyl group (-OH) Presented in general formula ROH Reactivity is mainly attributed to the -OH group Is a weak acid due to the hydrogen ion released from the -OH bond Is water soluble due to H-bonding

  3. Based on alkyl group, alcohol may be classified into -Primary ----n-propyl alcohol -Secondary ----sec-butyl alcohol -Tertiary ----tert-butyl alcohol

  4. Alcohols may be classified based on the number of OH groups as -Monohydroxy -Polyhydroxy

  5. Chromic acid test

  6. Can detect the presence of/or can differentiate: Alcohols, primary and secondary (1o ,2o) Phenols

  7. Test Reagent K2Cr2O7 in H2SO4 Potassium Dichromate

  8. Visible Results Blue green precipitate for positive results

  9. Lucas Test

  10. Can detect the presence of/or can differentiate: Alcohols, primary secondary and tertiary (1o,2o,3o) phenols

  11. Test Reagent ZnCl2 in HCl Alkyl halide OH becomes Cl

  12. Visible Result Rate: Benzylic (false positive > tertiary > secondary > primary) Formation of emulsion 1o,2o soluble no reaction Aromatic cpds. and 3o

  13. Esterification It happens between the reaction of an alcohol and a carboxylic acid Releases fruity odor For example When Salicylic acid reacts with Methanol , Methyl Salicylate is formed. C6H4(OH)COOCH3 or C8H8O3

  14. Test for Methyl Alcohol O H – C – H + H2 Hot Cu CH3 - OH H2SO4

  15. Methyl alcohol: - A colorless, volatile,water-soluble,poisonous liquid. Obtained by the destructive distillation of wood or the incomplete oxidation of natural gas, or produce synthetically from carbon monoxide and hydrogen, used chiefly as a solvent, a fuel, and an automobile antifreeze and in the synthesis of formaldehyde.

  16. POSITIVE RESULT: • Pink-red ring at the junction due to the formation of hemiacetal. • Hemiacetal: • Class of organic chemical compounds having the general formula RCH(OH)OR, • Where R is an organic group.

  17. Test for Iodoform

  18. Iodoform Test Iodoform is the organ iodine compound with the formula CHI3. A pale yellow, crystalline, volatile substance, it has a penetrating odor (in older chemistry texts, the smell is sometimes referred to as the smell of hospitals) and, analogous to chloroform, sweetish taste. It is occasionally used as a disinfectant. 

  19. Can detect presence of/ Differentiate between: 2o alcohol (methyl alcohol)

  20. Test Reagent: Iodine bleach (I₂ –NAOH)

  21. Visible Result: Light yellow precipitate in solution (can also detect methyl ketones)

  22. Test for Glycerol Acrolein Test

  23. Acrolein Test • One of the test for glycerol is the Acrolein Test. Acrolein test is a test for the presence of glycerin or fats. A sample with KHSO₄, and acrolein is released. When a fat is heated strongly in the presence of a dehydrating agent such as KHSO₄, the glycerol portion of the molecule is dehydrated to form the unsaturated aldehyde, acrolein(CH₂=CH-CHO), which has the peculiar odor of burnt grease.

  24. Can detect the presence of: Glycerol

  25. Test Reagent: Potassium bisulfate

  26. Visible result: Pungent odor

  27. Fermentation The overall process of fermentation is to convert glucose sugar (C6H12O6) to alcohol (CH3CH2OH) and carbon dioxide gas (CO2). The reactions within the yeast cell which make this happen are very complex but the overall process is as follows: C6H12O6 ====> 2(CH3CH2OH) + 2(CO2) + Energy (which is stored in ATP) Sugar ====> Alcohol + Carbon dioxide gas + Energy (Glucose) (Ethyl alcohol)

  28. Since we didn't perform the experiment I will explain the procedures. The pineapple- To obtain Glucose Yeast- important in fermentation, which serves as an enzyme Lime water – to test the presence of Carbon Dioxide The flammability test and Chromic acid test.

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