American Vision Chapter 6

1. American VisionChapter 6 M. Carter

2. Creating a Cabinet • 1789 Congress created the positions of: Department of State, Department of the Treasury, Department of War and Office of the Attorney General • Washington looked for men who would look at the COUNTRY rather than their STATE’s interests • Appointed: • Thomas Jefferson- Secretary of State • Alexander Hamilton- Treasury Dept • General Henry Knox- Secretary of War • Edmund Randolph- Attorney General • John Jay- First Chief Justice

3. Bill of Rights • Madison pushed this issue to the forefront • First 10 Amendments

4. Tariff of 1789 • importers had to pay a % of value • A tax on tonnage • Angered Southern planters who shipped rice and tobacco to Europe.

5. Hamilton's Plan • Asked Congress to accept the debts of the Continental Congress at their FULL VALUE • Bonds issued to fund Revolution needed to be repaid • Believed wealthy creditors, bankers, and merchants would have a stake in the federal government and may be willing to loan $ in the future • Taxation would be necessary

6. Opposition to Hamilton's Plan • Led by James Madison • Unfair to original purchaser (farmers, etc) who had sold bonds at discount to speculators • South was upset because bonds were held mainly by Northerners but the tax $$ would come from the South • Madison worried that creditors would rule society

7. Compromise • Madison and Jefferson would convince the South to vote for Hamilton’s Plan • The capital of the United States would move from the North to the South

8. Creation of a National Bank • A place to manage debts and interest payments • Issue bank notes (paper $) which would be a national currency to promote trade, investment and stimulate growth • **South opposed this because Northern merchants would own most of the bank’s stock • Madison argued they could not because it wasn’t within the ENUMERATED POWERS of the Constitution

9. Creation of a National Bank • Congress passed the bank bill • Hamilton argued Article I, Section 8 gave the federal government the power to “make all laws which shall be necessary and proper” to execute it’s responsibilities • “necessary and proper clause” = implied powers • Hamilton argued the bank was necessary to collect taxes, regulate trade, and provide for common defense • Washington signed the bill • 1791 Bank of United States- 20year period

10. Whiskey Rebellion • A direct tax on the manufacture of whisky • Affected Western farmers the most • Lacked bank notes and coins • Used whiskey as a medium of exchange • Distilled whiskey • 1794 Rebellion • Western Pennsylvania farmers • Terrorized tax collectors, stopped court proceedings, robbed the mail, destroyed whiskey making stills of anyone who paid their taxes • Washington sent 13,000 troops to end the rebellion

11. Formation of the first political parties • Debate over Hamilton’s financial program caused a split within Congress • Creation of the Federalists and the Republicans • Federalists = Hamiltonians • Republicans= Democratic-Republicans= Jeffersonians

12. 2 political parties • Federalists • Hamilton’s supporters • Strong nat’lgov’t • Distrusted ave. /poor • Manufacturing & trade • Artisans, merchants, bankers • Northeast • Republicans • Hamilton’s opponents • Madison& Jefferson • Democratic-Republicans • “agrarian republic” • Rights of the states over the federal gov’t • Rural south & west

13. Assignments: • On a sheet of paper make a large T chart. Put Hamiltonians on one side and Jeffersonians on the other side. List those who supported them, the issues they supported and the region of the US from which they received the most support. • Do you believe the creation of the national bank was “necessary and proper” or was it simply a loophole Hamilton used to get it passed? Explain. • What was the purpose of the cabinet? • What is the difference between an enumerated power and an implied power.

14. In class Essay (you may use your notes and book) • How effective were the Articles of Confederation in solving the problems that confronted the new nation? • Give historical facts (events, etc) to support your opinion. • This should be a 5 paragraph essay: • Introduction that gives your thesis- state which side you will take • 3 body paragraphs that give details to support your position • Conclusion paragraph that restates your position and summarizes

15. Section 2

16. War between France and England • Washington- “friendly and impartial” to both sides • British were intercepting American ships headed to French ports • British were inciting Native Americans to attack western settlements • Jay’s Treaty- favored the British- angered Republicans • Pickney’s Treaty- with Spain- opened the Mississippi

17. Westward Expansion • Rapid expansion into the Northwestern Territory • Frequent problems with Native Americans • Battle of Fallen Timbers- decisive win for Americans • Treaty of Greenville- gave N.A. land to America in exchange for a cash payment

18. Washington Retires • After 2nd term • Washington’s Farewell Address: • Warned against sectionalism • Warned against political parties • Warned against attachments to foreign nations • Supported a policy of isolationism

19. Election of 1796 • Close race • John Adams- Federalist wins • Thomas Jefferson- Republican- loses by 3 votes

20. Quasi-War with France • France stopped American ships and seized goods going to England- in response to Jay’s Treaty • Adams sent 3 men to France to negotiate… XYZ AFFAIR • French agents attempted to bribe American agents to initiate negotiations • Telegram to Adams referred to French agents as Agents X,Y and Z • Nation outraged- suspends all trade with France and navy was directed to capture armed French ships • Convention of 1800- treaty with France

21. Alien and Sedition Acts • Aliens- people who are not citizens. Required them to live in the US for 14 yrs before becoming a citizen- hurt Republican party (most were from France or Ireland) • President had power to deport any alien, without trial, who seemed dangerous to the US • Sedition act was an attempt to prevent rebellion by making it illegal to say or print anything false, scandalous, or malicious against the government

22. Virginia and Kentucky Resolves • Secretly written by Madison and Jefferson • Said states had the right to NULLIFY (declare invalid) any law passed by the federal government that was unconstitutional • Sets the stage for STATES RIGHTS argument leading up to the Civil War

23. Election of 1800 • Thomas Jefferson becomes President (3rd) • First bloodless exchange of power in the US • Called the Revolution of 1800

24. Assignments • Read and take notes on Ch 6 Section 3 • Pay particular attention to: SUPREME COURT DECISIONS, LOUISIANA PURCHASE, LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITION • Create a list of rising tensions between the US and England (we are leading up to the War of 1812)- look for why they go to war and create a list of reasons.