SAARC TRAINING WORKSHOP PROGRAM COAL BASED NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT

1. SAARC TRAINING WORKSHOP PROGRAMCOAL BASED NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT A K TRIPATHI,CMPDI

2. TOPICS FOR DISCUSSION

3. ENERGY SECURITY:CONCERN FOR SOUTH ASIA • Global energy demand continues to rise with growing economies • To meet sustainable energy at reasonable price is becoming a challenge • Critical energy concerns needs to be addressed • South Asian countries are highly dependent on imported crude oil & petroleum products • Regional approach would aid a comprehensive , cost-effective and sustainable solution to such challenges giving due regard to environmental issues

4. India’s Energy Scenario… • India’s Energy supply is met by • Coal :53% • Oil, Gas, Renewable and Nuclear :47% Source: India Energy Book 2012

5. India’s Energy Basket India’s Energy Basket Source: India Energy Book 2012

6. COAL:MAJORSOURCE OF ENERGY • India’s coal reserve is 7.1% of world total, which stands reasonably good compared to 0.8% for oil / natural gas • Reserve as on 01.04.2015 : Total 307 BT, Proved 128 BT • Coal is the main fuel for Indian populace • It has • 67% share in power generation • 72% of coal consumed in power generation • Coal India Ltd,(CIL) produces around 85% of India's overall coal production of India Studies indicates that coal will continue to be main source of energy in the foreseeable future

7. CLEAN COAL MISSION • Coal, inspite of its: • Easy availability • Favorable economics in energy generation has an adverse affect on environment during Mining , Transportation & Combustion • Coal sector contributes to about (1BCM) 8% of the total anthropogenic methane emissions (US EPA estimate) • To tide over this situation, Government of India and Coal industry is encouraging implementation of Clean Coal Technologies during pre/ post mining and utilization technology

8. Clean Energy Resources

9. COAL BASED NON-CONVENTIONAL ENERGY … • With adoption of technologies, coal can be a source of clean and environment friendly energy source • CIL/CMPDI is taking all requisite steps for development of coal based non-conventional resources like CBM/CMM/VAM/UCG etc.

10. Strength

11. QUEST HAS BEGUN ?

12. COAL BED METHANE: A CLEAN ENERGY SOURCE • Coalbed Methane is a hydrocarbon and a by-product of coalification process • It is environment friendly & constitutes of > 90% Methane • Methane is a powerful greenhouse gas having 23-25 times global warming potential than carbon dioxide • Its adverse impact on climate is felt more intensively due to its higher potency and shorter residence in the atmosphere • Harnessing methane ahead of mining is one such technology having following advantages: • Ensures future mining safe for gassy mines • Prevents release of methane to the atmosphere • Provides additional energy from the otherwise wasted resource

13. ECL COAL LIGNITE SCCL NLC CBM: Status of allotment • CBM Policy (1997) announced • 33 CBM blocks allotted (prognosticated resource of 1.78 TCM or 63 TCF) in 17366 sq. km area CCL NEC WCL NCL BCCL MCL SECL

14. CBM: Status of allotment…

15. CBM:A clean source of energy Primary Maceral Groups • Vitrinite • Derived from cell wall material or woody tissue of plants • Liptinite • Derived from waxy or resinous parts of plants • Inertinite • Derived from plant material that has been altered and degraded in the peat stage Internal surface area is the highest for vitrinite (204 m2/g) and lowest for inertinite (36 m2/g)

16. Internal Surface Area of Coal Low-rank coal has a tendency to hold water in many of the sorption sites. Thus, as moisture decreases with increasing coal rank, methane sorption capacity also increases

17. Porous Matrix & Fractures Idealized Coalbed Reservoir Coalbed Representation for Numerical Modeling

18. Sugarcube Model

19. Coal Cleat System • Cleat is a miner’s term for the natural system of the vertical fractures that have formed in most coals • Cleat formation is mainly contributed to shrinkage during the coalification process • The cleat system in coal comprises two sets of fractures known as the face and butt cleats • Face cleats, the dominant set of fractures, are oriented parallel to the maximum compressive stress and are relatively planar and persistent • Butt cleats are perpendicular to the face cleats and tend to be discontinuous and non-planar • Butt cleats commonly terminate against face cleats

20. Processes in the Transport of Coalbed Methane Gas 3 D FLOW

21. Processes in the Transport of Coalbed Methane Gas Good flow of gas depends on: • Permeability • Reservoir pressure • Gas Adsorption Isotherm

22. Adsorption Model: Langmuir Isotherm CM = VLp/(PL+p) CM = Matrix gas concentration, scf/ton VL = Dry, ash free Langmuir volume, scf/ton p = pressure in the fracture system, psia PL = Langmuir pressure, psia

23. Adsorption Isotherm

24. Production stages of a CBM Well

25. Assessment of CBM Gas-in-Place Resource For assessing GIP • Define size & extent of coal seam reservoir • Areal spread of coal reservoir(in basin) • Net Pay Thickness of coal • Quality of coal • Define reservoir character • Gas content & composition • Permeability • Saturation • Prove production potential • Pilot testing(for reserves, production forecasting & well design) • Resource and Reserve assessment

26. Assessment of CBM Gas-in-Place Resource Basis of Reserve Estimation • Direct : Actual Field Desorption Studies = Realistic Estimates • Three categories of gas measured: • Q1 - lost gas - gas lost from cutting coal to sealing in canister; not measured; estimated • Q2 - desorbed gas - gas released by coal after sealing in canister; measured • Q3 - residual gas - after gas rate too low to measure, coal is ground into powder and gas released is measured • Indirect : • Sorption Isotherms • Empirical Calculations = Element of Uncertainty

27. CBM: Challenges in assessment of CBM Gas-in-Place Resource • Geological complexity & heterogeneity of coal casts an element of doubt on the CBM resource figures/subsequent gas plays • Due to lateral and vertical variations of coal seams (which acts as source as well as reservoir rock) ,there is a need to validate CBM resource with the advancement of exploration inputs • Permeability of coal seams has an important bearing on the gas producibility

28. CBM reserves Terminology Total Gas Resource Discovered Undiscovered (Prospective) Contingent Resource (Non-recoverable) Commercially Recoverable Resource Reserves Unproved Reserves Proved Reserves Probable Reserves Possible Reserves

29. CBMreservesReserve definitions Category 1P 2P 3P Petroleum Resource Management System • Proved reserves should be "reasonably certain", or stated otherwise, you should have a 90% probability of producing at least the booked amount • SEC Definitions • SPE/WPC Definitions Risk Low • Probable + Proved reserves based on the "most likely" or "expected" case – generally close to a 50/50 chance of being high or low • Possible + Probable + Proved reserves based on the high side case – generally close to a 10 chance of ultimately being achieved High

30. CBM: Challenges in assessment of CBM Gas-in-Place Resource • During preparation of CBM Dossiers it was observed • Paucity of Exploratory data • Field Desorption results were not available/scantily available • Prognosticated resource assessment was done

31. CBM: Challenges in assessment of CBM Gas-in-Place Resource … • For realistic assessment • Necessity to generate enough desorption data was felt • CMPDI being a nodal agency for S&T activities under MoC and for CIL R&D projects • Started generating CBM related data under PRE funding • Focussing on R&D activities related to genesis, storage & transport mechanism , shrinkage and swelling characteristics of CBM, etc • Collaborates with leading national/international institutes viz. IIT’s NGRI, ARI USA,EURC,etc. in related fields

32. Commercial Development of CBM • Commercial production has already started in few blocks and at present about 1 mmscmd ( capacity for180 MW ) of CBM is produced • Production from 2 CBM blocks allotted by Govt. on nomination basis to CIL & ONGC consortium(in Jharia and Raniganj) expected to start soon

33. Commercial Development of CBM projects CIL-ONGC COLLABORATIVE PROJECT Sale of Incidental Gas in Jharia CBM Block (courtesy ONGC)

34. Drilling Rig Unit at Moonidih

35. Commercial Development of CBM from active coal mining areas(CMM) MoC has made CMPDI as the Nodal Agency for development of CMM in India • CMM Demonstration project • CMPDI/BCCL has successfully implemented a Demonstration Project in BCCL mine under GOI/UNDP/GEF funding • Aim/Objective of the project : • CBM production from virgin seams ahead of mining • Recovery of gas from surface by vertical drilling in Gob areas • Utilization technique of captured CBM • Accomplishments: • CBM gas recovered from CBM wells at Moonidih • Power Generated by Gas based Generator • Generated power is being supplied to Mine Colony

36. CMM Demonstration project • Technology of CMM extraction & utilization under Indian geo-mining scenario established • Recovery of gas under adverse geological conditions achieved, which is being utilized in power generation • Paved way for replicating similar projects in mining areas • Cost of power generation from this CMM Demo project is comparable with power generated from coal fired plants

37. Commercial Development of CMM… • CMPDI identified 5 prospective CMM blocks (3 in BCCL and 2 in CCL)with potential CMM resource of about 30 BCM for commercial development

38. CMM:PROJECTISED AREA in OPENCAST MINES • Bulk of country’s production comes from opencast mining • The large opencast coal mines are major source of fugitive methane emissions • Correct methodology for assessment of fugitive emissions of methane from opencast mines is still in evolving stage globally • Though proper assessment is difficult to make, but enormous quantity of fugitive methane is being emitted to the atmosphere on account of opencast mining

39. CMM:PROJECTISED AREA in OPENCAST MINES • No specific guidelines on collection of baseline data for CMM is available in India . • CMPDI has taken steps for assessment of fugitive methane emissions in few identified Coalfields. • Assessment of CMM resource in Dip side of operating OCP in Moher Sub-basin , NCL and Korba , SECL was done.

40. CMM:PROJECTISED AREA in OPENCAST MINES… Moher Sub Basin Singrauli Coalfield Korba Coalfield

41. CBM Analytical lab CMPDI has established • A State-of-art CBM/Shale Gas Lab, capable of carrying out specialized gas related analysis

42. Underground Coal Gasification:Another form of coal based clean energy

43. Underground Coal Gasification To maximize energy contribution from coal sector • Synergizing coal extraction /associated gas from available coal resources (CBM/CMM/VAM/UCG) is required, keeping in view the advantages accrued from clean coal technologies • UCG is one such area where opportunity exists for coal sector to diversify for optimization of resource potential & maximization of energy output

44. Underground Coal Gasification • The UCG is a physico-chemical process of conversion of coal into gaseous energy in-situ at the place of its occurrence • The product gas is mixture of hydrogen,nitrogen,carbon monoxide, methane, carbon dioxide & higher hydrocarbons • Calorific value in the range of 850 to 1100K.Cal/M3 for air injection

45. Underground Coal Gasification • Techno-economically unviable coal resource for mining due to greater depth/ isolated nature can yield energy for present day use through underground gasification • Technological preparedness & analysis of economic viability has been proven recently at many places in the world • Russia,Australia,China have developed considerable expertise • UCG is yet to be established in India

46. International UCG Trials

47. UCG:World scenario

48. UCG:World scenario …

49. UCG Development: Technological Issues Technological developments in recent years has rejuvenated interest in UCG world over : Fixed Injection to Controlled Retractable Injection Points (CRIP) In-seam drilling for better connectivity of Injection & Production wells Gasification of coal seams at greater depth Gasification of thin seams Successful operation at commercial scale at Angren (Uzbekistan), Majuba ( South Africa) etc. The efficacy of a suitable technology in Indian condition can be proved only after pilot scale test, which is being contemplated by several organizations

50. UCGTechnology Coal is ignited, combustion is maintained by injecting air or oxygen and steam