COLLEGE ACCESS AND SUCCESS: Can We Do More?

1. COLLEGE ACCESS AND SUCCESS: Can We Do More? Oklahoma Enrollment Management Conference February, 2009

2. Over past 25 years, we’ve made a lot of progress on the access side.

3. Immediate College-Going Up Recent High School Graduates Source: U.S. Dept. of Education, NCES, The Digest of Education Statistics 2002 (2003), Table 183 AND U.S. Census Bureau, Current Population Survey Report, October 2002.

4. Most High School Grads Go On To Postsecondary Within 2 Years Source: NELS: 88, Second (1992) and Third (1994) Follow up; in, USDOE, NCES, “Access to Postsecondary Education for the 1992 High School Graduates”, 1998, Table 2.

5. College-going is up for all groups.

6. Immediate* College-Going Increasing for All Groups: 1980 to 2006 * Percent of high school completers who were enrolled in college the October after completing high school Source:Condition of Education 2008 Table 24-1.  http://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/2008/section3/table.asp?tableID=902

7. College-Going Generally Increasing for All Income Groups Source: U.S Dept. of Education, NCES, The Condition of Education, 2008, Table 24-1

8. But though college-going up for minorities, gains among whites have been greater

9. All Groups Up In College-Going from 1980-2006, But Gaps Also Increase Source: U.S. Department of Education, NCES, The Condition of Education 2006.

10. And though college going up for low-income students, they still haven’t reached rate of high income students in mid-seventies.

11. College-Going Rates by Family Income Source: U.S. Department of Education, NCES, The Condition of Education 2008. Indicator 24.

12. But access isn’t the only issue: There’s a question of access to what…

14. And what about graduation?

15. Black and Latino Freshmen Complete College at Lower Rates (6 Year Rates; All 4-Year Institutions) Overall rate: 55% Source: U.S. DOE, NCES, 1995-96 Beginning Postsecondary Students Longitudinal Study, Second Follow-Up (BPS: 96/01) in U.S. DOE, NCES, Descriptive Summary of 1995-96 Beginning Postsecondary Students: Six Years Later. Table 7-6 on page 163.

16. And from 2-year institutions? Lower still.

17. California Community Colleges:Success Rates for Degree-Bound Freshmen* Shulock, Nancy. Excludes students who did not complete at least 10 credits.

18. The result? Increases in college completion not commensurate with increases in college going.

19. College Going vs. Completion of BA or Higher, White (Age 25-29) +19 +11 Immediate College-going refers to the percentage of high school completers who were enrolled in college the October after completing high school. Percent attaining their BA refers to the percentage of 25 and older with a BA or higher Sources:Condition of Education 2008,Table 24-1. Current Population Survey (1980 to 2002), Annual Social and Economic Supplement to Current Population Survey (2003 to 2007)

20. College Going vs. Completion of BA or Higher, African American (Age 25-29) +12 +7 Immediate College-going refers to the percentage of high school completers who were enrolled in college the October after completing high school. Percent attaining their BA refers to the percentage of 25 and older with a BA or higher Sources:Condition of Education 2008,Table 24-1. Current Population Survey (1980 to 2002), Annual Social and Economic Supplement to Current Population Survey (2003 to 2007)

21. College Going vs. Completion of BA or Higher, Latino (Age 25-29) +6 +2 Immediate College-going refers to the percentage of high school completers who were enrolled in college the October after completing high school. Percent attaining their BA refers to the percentage of 25 and older with a BA or higher Sources:Condition of Education 2008,Table 24-1. Current Population Survey (1980 to 2002), Annual Social and Economic Supplement to Current Population Survey (2003 to 2007)

22. Gaps WidenCompletion of BA or Higher for All Groups (Age 25 to 29): 1980 to 2007 Source: 1980 to 2005, Current Population Survey, 2003 to 2007 Annual Social and Economic Supplement to Current Population Survey

23. Add it all up…

24. Different groups of young Americans obtain degrees at very different rates.

25. Some Americans Are Much Less Likely to Graduate From College Source: U.S. Department of Education, NCES, The Condition of Education 2008. Indicator 25.

26. Some Americans Are Much Less Likely to Graduate From College Note: SES is a weighted variable developed by NCES, which includes parental education levels and occupations and family income. “High” and “low” refer to the highest and lowest quartiles of SES. Source: Postsecondary Education Opportunity, Number 156, June 2005, “Family Income and Higher Education Opportunity 1970 to 2003”

27. These rates threaten health of our democracy. But even for those who don’t care much about that, they are particularly worrisome, given which groups are growing…and which aren’t.

28. Growth Differs Substantially by Group Source: U.S. Census Bureau, Population Projections

29. Not surprisingly, our international lead is slipping away We’re still relatively strong (although no longer in the lead) with all adults.

30. U.S: 3rd Out of 30 OECD Countriesin Overall Postsecondary Attainment United States (38%) Source: 2007 OECD Education at a Glance, www.oecd.org/edu/eag2007. Note: data is for 2005.

31. U.S. tied for 9th out of 30 OECD nations in the percentage of younger workers with an associates degree or higher United States (39%) Source: 2007 OECD Education at a Glance, www.oecd.org/edu/eag2007. Note: data is for 2005.

32. U.S. is one of only two OECD nations where today’s young people are not better educated than their parents United States (0) Source: 2007 OECD Education at a Glance, www.oecd.org/edu/eag2007. Note: data is for 2005.

33. To reach top performing countries Source: 2007 OECD Education at a Glance, www.oecd.org/edu/eag2007. Note: data is for 2005.

34. WHAT’S GOING ON? Many in higher education would like to believe that this is mostly about lousy high schools and stingy federal and state policymakers.

35. They are not all wrong.

36. Low Income and Minority Students Continue to be Clustered in Schools where we spend less…

37. Nation:Inequities in State and Local Revenue Per Student Source: The Education Trust, The Funding Gap 2005. Data are for 2003

38. …expect less

39. Students in Poor Schools Receive ‘A’s for Work That Would Earn ‘Cs’ in Affluent Schools Source: Prospects (ABT Associates, 1993), in “Prospects: Final Report on Student Outcomes”, PES, DOE, 1997.

40. …teach them less

41. Fewer Latino students are enrolledin Algebra 2 Source: CCSSO, State Indicators of Science and Mathematics Education, 2001

42. African American, Latino & Native American high school graduates are less likely to have been enrolled in a full college prep track percent in college prep Full College Prep track is defined as at least: 4 years of English, 3 years of math, 2 years of natural science, 2 years of social science and 2 years of foreign language Source: Jay P. Greene, Public High School Graduation and College Readiness Rates in the United States, Manhattan Institute, September 2003. Table 8. 2001 high school graduates with college-prep curriculum.

43. …and assign them our least qualified teachers.

44. More Classes in High-Poverty, High-Minority Schools Taught By Out-of-Field Teachers High povertyLow poverty High minority Low minority Note: High Poverty school-50% or more of the students are eligible for free/reduced price lunch. Low-poverty school -15% or fewer of the students are eligible for free/reduced price lunch. High-minority school - 50% or more of the students are nonwhite. Low-minority school- 15% or fewer of the students are nonwhite. *Teachers lacking a college major or minor in the field. Data for secondary-level core academic classes. Source: Richard M. Ingersoll, University of Pennsylvania. Original analysis for the Ed Trust of 1999-2000 Schools and Staffing Survey.

45. Poor and Minority Students Get More Inexperienced* Teachers High poverty Low poverty High minority Low minority *Teachers with 3 or fewer years of experience. Note: High poverty refers to the top quartile of schools with students eligible for free/reduced price lunch. Low poverty-bottom quartile of schools with students eligible for free/reduced price lunch. High minority-top quartile; those schools with the highest concentrations of minority students. Low minority-bottom quartile of schools with the lowest concentrations of minority students Source: National Center for Education Statistics, “Monitoring Quality: An Indicators Report,” December 2000.

46. While we’re making some progress in addressing these problems in elementary schools…

47. NAEP Reading, 9 Year-Olds:Record Performance for All Groups Note: Long-Term Trends NAEP Source:National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP 2004 Trends in Academic Progress

48. NAEP Math, 9 Year-Olds: Record Performance for All Groups Note: Long-Term Trends NAEP Source:National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP 2004 Trends in Academic Progress

49. We have not yet turned the corner in our high schools. Gaps between groups are wider today than they were in 1990.

50. NAEP Reading, 17 Year-Olds 21 29 Note: Long-Term Trends NAEP Source:National Center for Education Statistics, NAEP 2004 Trends in Academic Progress