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Between the Wars: Roaring Twenties & Revolutions – 1920s

Between the Wars: Roaring Twenties & Revolutions – 1920s. Chapter 29, part1 Pg. 672-678, 681-685. Bouncing Back?. Superficial prosperity marked mid-1920s Modernity → Fine art; Pop culture Women gained right to vote! Alarming exceptions amidst frenzy

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Between the Wars: Roaring Twenties & Revolutions – 1920s

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  1. Between the Wars: Roaring Twenties & Revolutions – 1920s Chapter 29, part1 Pg. 672-678, 681-685

  2. Bouncing Back? • Superficial prosperity marked mid-1920s • Modernity → Fine art; Pop culture • Women gained right to vote! • Alarming exceptions amidst frenzy • Lasting economic weakness remains in Western Europe • Political extremism increases

  3. Other Industrial Centers • Some prewar trends continue in white dominions & U.S. • Dominions: independence, economic & population growth • U.S.: expansion of economic & cultural influence – BUT diplomatic isolationism

  4. Rise of Fascism - Italy • Ineffective liberal democracy & social unrest create atmosphere requiring conservative response for unity • Fascism & Mussolini created new Italian government • National identity promoted over individual • Corporate state w/ economic control

  5. New Nations of Eastern Europe • Turn to authoritarian gov in response to nationalist excitement, territorial rivalry, & economies based on aristocratic export ag • EX- Yugoslavia, Poland, Latvia, Lithuania

  6. 1 of 3 Revolution in Russia • Poor social conditions & political ineffectiveness led to strikes, riots, & eventually overthrowing tsarist rule • Western reforms & liberal democracy doomed to fail • Weak liberal tradition, middle-class, & public support • Lenin & Bolshevik’s grab power & establish communist state • Soviet Union (USSR) is born

  7. 2 of 3 Revolution in Russia • Communists initially faced 2 major problems despite soviet support • Humiliating treaty ending WWI • Lack of broad support • Foreign hostility; Domestic resistance to loss of property, industrial nationalization, famine • Stability achieved through institutions • Red Army • New Economic Policy • Supreme Soviet

  8. 3 of 3 Revolution in Russia • Ultimately, revolution of great success that kept some tsarist traditions, but propelled new group to power • Societal change: education based on literacy, science & communism • Stalin succeeds Lenin with pragmatic, nationalistic brand of socialism • Sped industrialization & collectivization

  9. Between the Wars: Depression & Authoritarianism – 1930s Chapter 29, part2 Pg. 690-694, 699-703

  10. Causes & Debacle of Economic Depression Stock market surge (based on loans) Post-War Inflation (illusion of prosperity) Competition & Rising Efficiency Over- production Bank failures & dried up Investment 1929 stock market crash Lost Confidence Reduced prices & profits Production slows Rising unemployment Economic collapse Shattered social & political ideals

  11. Economic Responses in Europe & U.S. • W. Euro gov’ts responded ineffectively • High tariffs & spending cuts further slow economies • Inspired political polarization or overthrow • EX – Popular Front • Scandinavia, the exception, increased spending which created a welfare state • U.S. initially duplicated European mistakes, but New Deal takes Scandinavian approach by increasing spending & reforming banking • Restored faith in gov, preventing extreme political change

  12. Germany – Nazi Political Response • Depression & Treaty of Versailles make fascism a clear choice • Fascist, totalitarian gov, led by Hitler, quickly crafted • Emphasized unity, strong leadership & military, economic planning • Used personal hatred of Jews to create scapegoat for all Germany’s ills

  13. Hitler speech before Reichstag (July 13, 1934) addressing his elimination of political opponents. "I gave the order to shoot those who were the ringleaders in this treason, and I further gave the order to burn down to the raw flesh the ulcers of this poisoning of the wells in our domestic life. …I am ready to undertake the responsibility at the bar of history for … the dearest thing that has been given us in this world--the German people and the German Reich!"

  14. Europe – Fascism Spreads in Response • Hitler’s success led to spread of fascist ideas in E. Europe • Hungary, Romania • Spain experiences civil war as result of liberal feuds w/ authoritarian supporters • Not fully fascist, but new authoritarian gov takes root advancing conservatism • W. Euro & U.S. respond weakly, fearing another war & distracted by depression

  15. Soviet Union - Stalinism • Buffered from depression effects by separate communist economy • Collectivization (collective farms) +’s: share expensive machines, controlled peasants & free labor for industry -’s: messy transition = famine, central planning w/ little incentives • Industrialization (major goal) • Overwhelming success • Five-year plans

  16. Soviet Union - Stalinism • Industrialization met w/ incentives, welfare services, & problem-solving • Stalin exerted total control • Controlled arts & sciences • Used secret police & party purges ruthlessly • USSR gradually shift from inward focus to more active diplomacy

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