Second Exam: Thursday 30 October 2014 Covers Chapters 4 (part), 5 , 8, 9, and 10

1. Second Exam: Thursday 30 October 2014 Covers Chapters 4 (part), 5, 8, 9, and 10 Lectures 10 to 18 plus Agriculture Global Warming The Vanishing Book of Life on Earth Plastics Intelligent Design? The Weakest Link Technology Economics

2. Sexual SelectionMating PreferencesCertainty of Maternity, uncertainty of paternity Competition for the best mates of the opposite sex Sex that invests the most is the most choosy about mates Jealousy, Desertion, CuckoldryEpigamic selection (intersexual, between the sexes)“Battle of the sexes” Natural selection produces a correlation between male genetic quality and female preference“Sexy son” phenomenon (females cannot afford to mate with males that are not attractive to other females)

3. Sexual SelectionMating Preferences Drosophila subobscura Inbred versus outbred male flies differed in viable sperm counts. Females mated to inbred males laid an average of only 264 eggs, whereas females mated to outbred males laid 1134 fertile eggs. Within an hour, virgin females exposed to outbred males mated 90% of the time but only 50% of those exposed to inbred males mated during the first hour. Female side-step dance courtship display.

4. Columba livia Sexual SelectionMating Preferences Mate Choice Experiments Blue Check Blue Bar Ash Red > > Nancy Burley Nancy Moran

5. Sexual SelectionMating Preferences Sex that invests the most is the most choosy about mates Competition for the best mates of the opposite sex Jealousy, Desertion, Cuckoldry Certainty of Maternity, Uncertainty of Paternity Epigamic selection (intersexual, between the sexes)“Battle of the sexes” Natural selection produces a correlation between male genetic quality and female preference“Sexy son” phenomenon (females cannot afford to mate with males that are not attractive to other females)

6. Sexual SelectionMating Preferences Sex that invests the most is the most choosy about mates Competition for the best mates of the opposite sex Jealousy, Desertion, Cuckoldry Certainty of Maternity, Uncertainty of Paternity Epigamic selection (intersexual, between the sexes)“Battle of the sexes” Natural selection produces a correlation between male genetic quality and female preference“Sexy son” phenomenon (females cannot afford to mate with males that are not attractive to other females)

7. Mating Systems Promiscuity Monogamy Polygamy Polygyny Polyandry Polygyny threshold: minimal difference in male territory quality that is sufficient to favor bigamous matings by females Long-billed Marsh Wren Jared Verner

8. b = Polygyny threshold

11. etzel puted to be morphic

12. Male Peacock, a victim of female mating preference

13. Leks Runaway Sexual Selection (Fisher) Handicap Hypothesis (Zahavi) Sensory Exploitation Hypothesis (Ryan) Alternative mating tactics Internal versus External Fertilization Satellite males Ecological Sexual Dimorphisms Bower birds Ratites Bushland tinamou

17. Dinosaur fossils suggest that male parental care could be ancestral in birdsIf so, ratites could have retained the ancestral stateAnd, if so, then female care and biparental care would be derived conditions A male of the medium-sized predatory dinosaur Troodon (North America late Cretaceous) brooding a large clutch of eggs. Female archosaurs extract substantial amounts of calcium and phosphorus from their skeletal tissues during egg formation. Histologic examination of cross sections of bones (femur, tibia, and a metatarsal bone) from an adult Troodon found in direct contact with an egg clutch revealed little evidence of bone remodeling or bone resorption, suggesting that the bones were those of a male.Fossilized remains of Troodon and two other types of dinosaurs found with large clutches of eggs suggest that males, and not females, protected and incubated eggs laid by perhaps several females (Credit: Bill Parsons)

19. 13 16 9 20 14 11 15 1 4 7 3 11 5 6

21. Red-eyed Vireo